NR 283 FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |
ALREADY GRADED A+ (CHAMBERLAINE
COLLEGE OF NURSING)
Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of how disease processes affect the function
of the body at a cellular level
homeostasis - ANSWER bodies desire to reach balance, things are always
changing in our body, negative feedback loops
Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease, where does it come from
Idiopathic - ANSWER unknown cause
Pathogenesis - ANSWER development of disease
cell cycle - ANSWER cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, DNA tells cells to
die (apoptosis) - all determined by nucleus
mitosis - ANSWER parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis - ANSWER sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23)
stem cells - ANSWER live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells -
undifferentiated, have no job, differentiation is the process of the cell becoming
specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice to become blood cells, cancer
is undifferentiated cells in body BESIDES in bone marrow
osmosis - ANSWER -inside cell have water and some solutes
-outside of cell have some solutes and water
-WATER moving
-water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It is
not the lack of water that makes water cross over.
-osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull force,
determined by how strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane pulls water
over)
-sodium is big water attractor
-albumin (protein) attracted to water
-when you don't have a lot of albumin in Blood stream, then osmotic pressure will be
low.
-do not require energy - passive
,diffusion - ANSWER -solutes
-more on one side, so go on other side
-balance things out
-do not require energy - passive
energy - ANSWER Plan A: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or
phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, a lot of ATP and no byproduct.
Plan B: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and
outcome is 2 ATP and get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has to
be temporary.
sodium/potassium pump - ANSWER active process, need energy to make this
happen. Lives on the surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical
and chemical messages to other cells. Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is
inside the cell -. imbalance, tension results which creates resting potential. The pump
works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell membrane and
solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium floods inside of cell),
this is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the cell will burst and die. So
the pump now kicks everyone back - need ATP.
Atrophy - ANSWER decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that
occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks.
Dysplasia - ANSWER concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei
present, rate of mitosis is increased. Precancerous. Ex: Pap smear tests for this on
cervical cells.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. Ex: uterine enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor
Metaplasia - ANSWER when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type. ex: callus or change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers.
Anaplasia - ANSWER full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with
variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant
tumors
Hypoxia - ANSWER reduced oxygen in the TISSUE.
-interferes with ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the
cell membrane as well as loss of cell functions.
hypoxemia - ANSWER reduced oxygen in BLOOD, which will also result in hypoxia
Ischemia - ANSWER blockage that impedes blood flow
Necrosis - ANSWER explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't
have time to do apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane is
broken, damages surrounding cells, start to become cell lysis - breaking down
,Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death, a normal occurrence, cell membrane
intact, performs auto-digestion, lysosome release acidic enzymes inside cell, hurts
no surrounding cells
Gangrene - ANSWER infection of necrotic tissue
hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER the push force within a blood vessel, think blood
pressure, pressure inside of blood vessels, if we have increased hydrostatic
pressure, water has to go somewhere so water exits the vessels and sits in tissues =
edema
decrease in osmotic pressure - ANSWER the pull force or the attraction force, what
attracts water to stay in our blood stream (salt and albumin), when decreased,
maybe dont have enough salt or albumin, so no water is attracted to blood vessels,
so water sits in tissues instead
increase in capillary permeability - ANSWER ability to allow things in and out. Blood
vessels are lined with special epithelial cells and their jobs is to keep things out and
inside blood stream, barrier. When we need water to leave blood stream
(inflammation - need water to leave blood stream to hurt area) epithelial cells space
out to allow things like water and WBC's to leave the blood stream and go to the
injured site, causes edema
edema - ANSWER excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which
causes swelling, or enlargement of tissues.
What are 4 causes of edema? - ANSWER 1. Increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure
2. Loss of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, decrease in osmotic pressure
3. Obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
4. Increased capillary permeability
hypovolemia - ANSWER low volume in the blood
What are 5 causes of hypovolemia - ANSWER 1. Vomiting and diarrhea
2. Excessive sweating with loss of sodium or water
3. Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of fluid, electrolytes, and glucose in urine
4. Insufficient water intake
5. Use of a concentrated formula in an infant
ICF - ANSWER intracellular fluid
ecf - ANSWER extracellular fluid
ADH - ANSWER antidiuretic hormone, tells kidneys to hold water.
aldosterone - ANSWER tells us to hold onto salt, and water follows salt
Sodium - ANSWER -primary cation in the extracellular fluid. important for the
maintenance of extracellular fluid volume.
, -sodium problems affect the brain
-sx: changes in LOC
Hyponatremia - ANSWER -not a lot of salt in blood stream, fluid is going to shift into
cells and we will lose water from vascular system. water is attracted to salt, and
there isn't a lot of salt so we have a decrease in osmotic pressure (attraction)
-symptoms are anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, confusion, headache, low BP,
extreme irrational thirst (brain goes crazy, doesn't know we have a salt problem or
water problem)
-water problem
Hypernatremia - ANSWER -a whole bunch of sodium in blood stream and an
increase in osmotic pressure (attraction) so fluid shifts out of cells
symptoms: thirst, weakness, agitation, edema, high BP, increase in hydrostatic
pressure after, decreased urine output (all the water is in the bloodstream)
-water problem
Hypokalemia - ANSWER low potassium levels in blood.
symptoms: cardiac arrest, anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue, muscle twitch,
shallow respirations, pH elevated.
Potassium - ANSWER -issues result in issues with the heart (dysrhythmias -
abnormal HR because electrical system is off)
-can also affect muscles (weakness)
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER high potassium levels in blood.
symptoms: cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, oliguria, low pH -
acidosis.
Calcium - ANSWER stored in bone, bones decide was is released and what is kept.
regulated by parathyroid hormones influenced by vitamin D for absorption, gives
structure to bones and stability of nerve membranes and required for muscle
contraction, cardiac contraction strength
Hypocalcemia - ANSWER low calcium in blood, lining nerves
symptoms: twitching, muscles spasms, tetany, tingling fingers, mental confusion,
arrhythmias, decreased bone density
Normal serum pH range - ANSWER 7.35-7.45
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER excessive calcium in blood, lining nerves, signal has
been dampened (depressed response)
symptoms: depressed neuromuscular activity, muscle tone, arrhythmia's (increased
contraction strength), bones becoming too dense
Two organ systems that serum pH the bicarbonate-carbonic balance? - ANSWER
Respiratory system and Renal system
Compensation - ANSWER Body making changes to increase pH
(hyperventilation/kidneys conserving)
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |
ALREADY GRADED A+ (CHAMBERLAINE
COLLEGE OF NURSING)
Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of how disease processes affect the function
of the body at a cellular level
homeostasis - ANSWER bodies desire to reach balance, things are always
changing in our body, negative feedback loops
Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease, where does it come from
Idiopathic - ANSWER unknown cause
Pathogenesis - ANSWER development of disease
cell cycle - ANSWER cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, DNA tells cells to
die (apoptosis) - all determined by nucleus
mitosis - ANSWER parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis - ANSWER sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23)
stem cells - ANSWER live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells -
undifferentiated, have no job, differentiation is the process of the cell becoming
specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice to become blood cells, cancer
is undifferentiated cells in body BESIDES in bone marrow
osmosis - ANSWER -inside cell have water and some solutes
-outside of cell have some solutes and water
-WATER moving
-water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It is
not the lack of water that makes water cross over.
-osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull force,
determined by how strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane pulls water
over)
-sodium is big water attractor
-albumin (protein) attracted to water
-when you don't have a lot of albumin in Blood stream, then osmotic pressure will be
low.
-do not require energy - passive
,diffusion - ANSWER -solutes
-more on one side, so go on other side
-balance things out
-do not require energy - passive
energy - ANSWER Plan A: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or
phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, a lot of ATP and no byproduct.
Plan B: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and
outcome is 2 ATP and get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has to
be temporary.
sodium/potassium pump - ANSWER active process, need energy to make this
happen. Lives on the surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical
and chemical messages to other cells. Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is
inside the cell -. imbalance, tension results which creates resting potential. The pump
works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell membrane and
solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium floods inside of cell),
this is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the cell will burst and die. So
the pump now kicks everyone back - need ATP.
Atrophy - ANSWER decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that
occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks.
Dysplasia - ANSWER concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei
present, rate of mitosis is increased. Precancerous. Ex: Pap smear tests for this on
cervical cells.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. Ex: uterine enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor
Metaplasia - ANSWER when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type. ex: callus or change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers.
Anaplasia - ANSWER full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with
variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant
tumors
Hypoxia - ANSWER reduced oxygen in the TISSUE.
-interferes with ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the
cell membrane as well as loss of cell functions.
hypoxemia - ANSWER reduced oxygen in BLOOD, which will also result in hypoxia
Ischemia - ANSWER blockage that impedes blood flow
Necrosis - ANSWER explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't
have time to do apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane is
broken, damages surrounding cells, start to become cell lysis - breaking down
,Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death, a normal occurrence, cell membrane
intact, performs auto-digestion, lysosome release acidic enzymes inside cell, hurts
no surrounding cells
Gangrene - ANSWER infection of necrotic tissue
hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER the push force within a blood vessel, think blood
pressure, pressure inside of blood vessels, if we have increased hydrostatic
pressure, water has to go somewhere so water exits the vessels and sits in tissues =
edema
decrease in osmotic pressure - ANSWER the pull force or the attraction force, what
attracts water to stay in our blood stream (salt and albumin), when decreased,
maybe dont have enough salt or albumin, so no water is attracted to blood vessels,
so water sits in tissues instead
increase in capillary permeability - ANSWER ability to allow things in and out. Blood
vessels are lined with special epithelial cells and their jobs is to keep things out and
inside blood stream, barrier. When we need water to leave blood stream
(inflammation - need water to leave blood stream to hurt area) epithelial cells space
out to allow things like water and WBC's to leave the blood stream and go to the
injured site, causes edema
edema - ANSWER excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which
causes swelling, or enlargement of tissues.
What are 4 causes of edema? - ANSWER 1. Increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure
2. Loss of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, decrease in osmotic pressure
3. Obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
4. Increased capillary permeability
hypovolemia - ANSWER low volume in the blood
What are 5 causes of hypovolemia - ANSWER 1. Vomiting and diarrhea
2. Excessive sweating with loss of sodium or water
3. Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of fluid, electrolytes, and glucose in urine
4. Insufficient water intake
5. Use of a concentrated formula in an infant
ICF - ANSWER intracellular fluid
ecf - ANSWER extracellular fluid
ADH - ANSWER antidiuretic hormone, tells kidneys to hold water.
aldosterone - ANSWER tells us to hold onto salt, and water follows salt
Sodium - ANSWER -primary cation in the extracellular fluid. important for the
maintenance of extracellular fluid volume.
, -sodium problems affect the brain
-sx: changes in LOC
Hyponatremia - ANSWER -not a lot of salt in blood stream, fluid is going to shift into
cells and we will lose water from vascular system. water is attracted to salt, and
there isn't a lot of salt so we have a decrease in osmotic pressure (attraction)
-symptoms are anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, confusion, headache, low BP,
extreme irrational thirst (brain goes crazy, doesn't know we have a salt problem or
water problem)
-water problem
Hypernatremia - ANSWER -a whole bunch of sodium in blood stream and an
increase in osmotic pressure (attraction) so fluid shifts out of cells
symptoms: thirst, weakness, agitation, edema, high BP, increase in hydrostatic
pressure after, decreased urine output (all the water is in the bloodstream)
-water problem
Hypokalemia - ANSWER low potassium levels in blood.
symptoms: cardiac arrest, anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue, muscle twitch,
shallow respirations, pH elevated.
Potassium - ANSWER -issues result in issues with the heart (dysrhythmias -
abnormal HR because electrical system is off)
-can also affect muscles (weakness)
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER high potassium levels in blood.
symptoms: cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, oliguria, low pH -
acidosis.
Calcium - ANSWER stored in bone, bones decide was is released and what is kept.
regulated by parathyroid hormones influenced by vitamin D for absorption, gives
structure to bones and stability of nerve membranes and required for muscle
contraction, cardiac contraction strength
Hypocalcemia - ANSWER low calcium in blood, lining nerves
symptoms: twitching, muscles spasms, tetany, tingling fingers, mental confusion,
arrhythmias, decreased bone density
Normal serum pH range - ANSWER 7.35-7.45
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER excessive calcium in blood, lining nerves, signal has
been dampened (depressed response)
symptoms: depressed neuromuscular activity, muscle tone, arrhythmia's (increased
contraction strength), bones becoming too dense
Two organ systems that serum pH the bicarbonate-carbonic balance? - ANSWER
Respiratory system and Renal system
Compensation - ANSWER Body making changes to increase pH
(hyperventilation/kidneys conserving)
