Nursing 7450- Week 5 Pulmonary Function Questions
With Complete Solutions
Characterize the signs and symptoms of the following lung conditions that are caused
by pulmonary disease or injury: aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis,
bronchiolitis obliterans, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pleurisy, hemothorax,
empyema, lung abscess, fibrosis, chest wall restriction, flail chest, toxic gas exposure,
pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and allergic alveolitis. - Answer-Aspiration (R)
- passage of fluids/ solids in the lungs; often RLL
- S/S: asymptomatic, choking and cough, hypoxia/ hypercapnia, often leads to
pneumonia
Atelectasis (R)
- collapse of lung tissue caused by external compression (pleural effusion), absorption/
reabsorption (gradual absorption of air from obstructive alveoli), or surfactant (dec
production)
- S/S: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
Bronchiectasis (R)
- Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi; usually secondary; opposite of atelectasis
- S/S: chronic productive cough w/ common lower resp. infections
Bronchiolitis (R)
- diffuse inflammation or small airways or bronchioles that leads to hypoxemia
- S/S: rapid RR, use of accessory muscles, low fever, dry NPC, hyper inflated chest
Bronchiolitis obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP)
- complication of bronchiolitis where alveoli and bronchioles "plug" with connective
tissue
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (R)
- late stage fibrotic dz of airways that causes permanent scarring of the lungs
- can occur with all kinds of bronchiolitis and is most commonly from transplants
Pneumoconiosis (R)
- any change in the lung caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust particles usually
from the workplace (silica, asbestos, coal)
- S/S: cough, sputum, dyspnea, dec lung volumes, and hypoxemia
Allergic alveolitis (R)
- extrinsic is hypersensitivity; repeated inhalation of organic particles or fumes; acute,
subacute, or chronic (can lead to pulmonary fibrosis)
- S/S: acute= flu like; chronic= cough, fever, fatigue, wt loss
Pulmonary Fibrosis (R)
, - excessive fibrous tissue in the lung from reorganizing/ restructuring caused by post-
pulmonary dz, autoimmune disorders, toxic gas exposure
- S/S: ENT burning, coughing, chest tightness, dyspnea, hypoxemia
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion
Pleurisy
Hemothorax
Empyema
Lung ab
/.Describe and compare orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). -
Answer-Orthopnea
- dyspnea when lying down (positional)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit or stand up (related to CV disorders)
/.Discuss the characteristics and cause of Kussmaul respirations and Cheyne-Stokes
respirations. - Answer-Kussmaul Respirations (hyperpnea)
- slight inc in RR, very large tidal volume and no expiratory pause (metabolic acidosis)
- fast and deep
Chyne-Stokes Respirations
- alternating periods of deep and shallow respirations with apnea that lasts for 15-60
seconds
- inc volume until a peak is reached then ventilation dec to apnea
/.Compare and contrast the manifestations and causes of hypoventilation and
hyperventilation. - Answer-Hypoventilation
- Causes: obstruction, chest wall restriction, altered neuro control of breathing
- Manifest: respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia
Hyperventilation
- Causes: anxiety, head injury, metabolic acidosis, severe hypoxemia (Kussmaul resp)
- Mainfest: respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia
/.Define the following terms used to describe the signs and symptoms of pulmonary
disease: hypercapnia, hypocapnia, coughing, hemoptysis, cyanosis, pain, clubbing, and
sputum. - Answer-Hypercapnia- inc CO2 levels in blood
Hypocapnia- dec CO2 in blood
Coughing- protective reflex that helps clear the airways by explosive expiration
Hemoptysis- coughing up blood or bloody secretions
Cyanosis- bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane (peripheral or central)
Pain- pleural pain is most commonly caused by pulmonary dz; usually sharp or
stabbing; chest wall pain can be from the airways or muscles
Clubbing- from chronic hypoxia; hypertrophy of nail
Sputum- secretion that is coughed out; vary in color, consistency, odor, etc
With Complete Solutions
Characterize the signs and symptoms of the following lung conditions that are caused
by pulmonary disease or injury: aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis,
bronchiolitis obliterans, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pleurisy, hemothorax,
empyema, lung abscess, fibrosis, chest wall restriction, flail chest, toxic gas exposure,
pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and allergic alveolitis. - Answer-Aspiration (R)
- passage of fluids/ solids in the lungs; often RLL
- S/S: asymptomatic, choking and cough, hypoxia/ hypercapnia, often leads to
pneumonia
Atelectasis (R)
- collapse of lung tissue caused by external compression (pleural effusion), absorption/
reabsorption (gradual absorption of air from obstructive alveoli), or surfactant (dec
production)
- S/S: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
Bronchiectasis (R)
- Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi; usually secondary; opposite of atelectasis
- S/S: chronic productive cough w/ common lower resp. infections
Bronchiolitis (R)
- diffuse inflammation or small airways or bronchioles that leads to hypoxemia
- S/S: rapid RR, use of accessory muscles, low fever, dry NPC, hyper inflated chest
Bronchiolitis obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP)
- complication of bronchiolitis where alveoli and bronchioles "plug" with connective
tissue
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (R)
- late stage fibrotic dz of airways that causes permanent scarring of the lungs
- can occur with all kinds of bronchiolitis and is most commonly from transplants
Pneumoconiosis (R)
- any change in the lung caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust particles usually
from the workplace (silica, asbestos, coal)
- S/S: cough, sputum, dyspnea, dec lung volumes, and hypoxemia
Allergic alveolitis (R)
- extrinsic is hypersensitivity; repeated inhalation of organic particles or fumes; acute,
subacute, or chronic (can lead to pulmonary fibrosis)
- S/S: acute= flu like; chronic= cough, fever, fatigue, wt loss
Pulmonary Fibrosis (R)
, - excessive fibrous tissue in the lung from reorganizing/ restructuring caused by post-
pulmonary dz, autoimmune disorders, toxic gas exposure
- S/S: ENT burning, coughing, chest tightness, dyspnea, hypoxemia
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion
Pleurisy
Hemothorax
Empyema
Lung ab
/.Describe and compare orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). -
Answer-Orthopnea
- dyspnea when lying down (positional)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit or stand up (related to CV disorders)
/.Discuss the characteristics and cause of Kussmaul respirations and Cheyne-Stokes
respirations. - Answer-Kussmaul Respirations (hyperpnea)
- slight inc in RR, very large tidal volume and no expiratory pause (metabolic acidosis)
- fast and deep
Chyne-Stokes Respirations
- alternating periods of deep and shallow respirations with apnea that lasts for 15-60
seconds
- inc volume until a peak is reached then ventilation dec to apnea
/.Compare and contrast the manifestations and causes of hypoventilation and
hyperventilation. - Answer-Hypoventilation
- Causes: obstruction, chest wall restriction, altered neuro control of breathing
- Manifest: respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia
Hyperventilation
- Causes: anxiety, head injury, metabolic acidosis, severe hypoxemia (Kussmaul resp)
- Mainfest: respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia
/.Define the following terms used to describe the signs and symptoms of pulmonary
disease: hypercapnia, hypocapnia, coughing, hemoptysis, cyanosis, pain, clubbing, and
sputum. - Answer-Hypercapnia- inc CO2 levels in blood
Hypocapnia- dec CO2 in blood
Coughing- protective reflex that helps clear the airways by explosive expiration
Hemoptysis- coughing up blood or bloody secretions
Cyanosis- bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane (peripheral or central)
Pain- pleural pain is most commonly caused by pulmonary dz; usually sharp or
stabbing; chest wall pain can be from the airways or muscles
Clubbing- from chronic hypoxia; hypertrophy of nail
Sputum- secretion that is coughed out; vary in color, consistency, odor, etc
