BIOL 351 Exam 4 Notes Summaries
1. positive; negative- ly in gel electrophoresis, nucleic acids migrate through gel toward the
electrode because of their
charged phosphate groups
2. dideoxy method
(Sanger) the addition of a mixture of normal dNTPs and small amounts of the corresponding
ddNTPs, one for each of the four bases to the mixture used to make the DNA copy
3. shotgun sequenc- ing
- DNA is cleaved into fragments and sequence
- computer analysis finds overlap
- consensus sequence is formed
4. 2-D PAGE the classical method to separate proteins on the basis of
their charge and of their size
5. RNA world theory suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA
molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules
6. chemolithotrophic early forms of metabolism would have supported
production of large amounts of organic compounds
7. chemoorgan- organic material provided an abundant, diverse, and continually renewed source
otrophic of reduced organic carbon, stimulating evolution of various metabolisms
8. cyanobacteria 2.7 billion years ago, developed a photosystem
that could use H2O instead of H2S, generating O2
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, BIOL 351 Exam 4 Notes Summaries
9. Carl Woese established the presence of three domains of life
10. small subunit ribo- somal what are the most widely used rRNAS?
RNA (SSU rRNA)
11. phylogeny evolutionary history of a group or organisms
12. aligning the first step in sequence analysis involves the
sequence of interest with sequences from homologous genes from other strains or
species
13. phylogenetic tree - composed of nodes and branches
- branch length represents the number of changes that have occurred along that
branch
14. genetic drift a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of
a population change over generations due to chance
15. 16S rRNA gene se- quences what is the gold standard for identifying and describing a new species?
16. >3%; >5% a bacterium should be considered a new species if its
16S rRNA gene sequence differs by from any
names strain, and a new genus if it differs by
17. binomial system nomenclature follows the devised by the Swedish
medical doctor and botanist Carl Linnaeus in which species are given genus names
and species epithets
18. cyanobacteria - type I and type II photosystems
- fix CO2 by the Calvin cycle
19. spirochaetes - gram-negative
- have endoflagella
2/
11
1. positive; negative- ly in gel electrophoresis, nucleic acids migrate through gel toward the
electrode because of their
charged phosphate groups
2. dideoxy method
(Sanger) the addition of a mixture of normal dNTPs and small amounts of the corresponding
ddNTPs, one for each of the four bases to the mixture used to make the DNA copy
3. shotgun sequenc- ing
- DNA is cleaved into fragments and sequence
- computer analysis finds overlap
- consensus sequence is formed
4. 2-D PAGE the classical method to separate proteins on the basis of
their charge and of their size
5. RNA world theory suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA
molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules
6. chemolithotrophic early forms of metabolism would have supported
production of large amounts of organic compounds
7. chemoorgan- organic material provided an abundant, diverse, and continually renewed source
otrophic of reduced organic carbon, stimulating evolution of various metabolisms
8. cyanobacteria 2.7 billion years ago, developed a photosystem
that could use H2O instead of H2S, generating O2
1/
11
, BIOL 351 Exam 4 Notes Summaries
9. Carl Woese established the presence of three domains of life
10. small subunit ribo- somal what are the most widely used rRNAS?
RNA (SSU rRNA)
11. phylogeny evolutionary history of a group or organisms
12. aligning the first step in sequence analysis involves the
sequence of interest with sequences from homologous genes from other strains or
species
13. phylogenetic tree - composed of nodes and branches
- branch length represents the number of changes that have occurred along that
branch
14. genetic drift a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of
a population change over generations due to chance
15. 16S rRNA gene se- quences what is the gold standard for identifying and describing a new species?
16. >3%; >5% a bacterium should be considered a new species if its
16S rRNA gene sequence differs by from any
names strain, and a new genus if it differs by
17. binomial system nomenclature follows the devised by the Swedish
medical doctor and botanist Carl Linnaeus in which species are given genus names
and species epithets
18. cyanobacteria - type I and type II photosystems
- fix CO2 by the Calvin cycle
19. spirochaetes - gram-negative
- have endoflagella
2/
11
