CREDIT II
ADVANCE NUTRITION
1. Animal and human metabolic studies [Use in bio availability of nutrients]
Bio availability of nutrients refers to proportion of nutrients absorbed from diet and
used for normal function of body, understanding it helps to optimize diets and set
nutrient recommendations approximately.
Metabolic studies to access bioavailability are:
1. Non animal: It is first stage where chemical, mechanical computations are done
2. In vitro: Early stage where experiments are conducted in lab containers,
biological tissue samples are used.
3. Animal models: Animals of higher order are used as they are closely related in
every way to humans. Ex: Rat, guinea pig, dogs, cats, monkey and chimpanzee.
4. Humans: This is last stage of new vaccine or medicine produced is being tested,
humans who come voluntarily are used as a sample to test efficiency of drug or
medicine.
Animals in research:
17 - 23 million animals are used/ year.
95% are rats and mice.
4.25% are rabbits, guinea pig, and sheep.
0.75% are cats and dogs and primitive mammals.
Research is done on humans who come voluntarily.
Study improves quality of life, it helps in production of vaccines and lengthens the
life span,
,b] Uses of animal and metabolic studies
1. Understand cause of disease.
2. Develop drug or vaccine.
3. Prevent or treat disease.
4. Test safety of products we use in our daily life.
Animals are used in research because:
1. They are biologically similar to humans.
2. Anatomically similar.
3. Physiologically similar.
4. Genetically similar.
5. They are also susceptible to disease like humans.
6. They have short life span.
7. They can breed easily in a controlled environment[ light, temperature, diet ect]
, 2. Ethics in conducting human/ animal metabolic studies.
Animal ethics is a term used to describe human - animal relationship, it tells how
animals ought to be treated, it is general thought that it may be necessary to use lab
animals to improve the health status of animals, people and environment, but at the
same time it is general opinion that animals have moral status and our treatment
should be subjected to ethical consideration.
1. Animals have intrinsic value which must he respected.
2. Animals also feel pain and it should be considered.
3. Our moral gets influenced by the way we treat animals in research.
4. Use of animals in privilege is not right.
Five freedoms of live stock are [BRAM BELL]
1. Freedom of hunger and thirst.
2. Freedom from discomfort.
3. Freedom from pain / injury/ disease.
4. Freedom from fear and distress.
5. Freedom to express normal behavior.
Guidelines relating to animal research:
1. Respect dignity of animal.2. Consider other options.
3. Balance suffering and benefit.[ Reduce suffering always]
4. Improve animal welfare.
5. Reduce number of animals in research.
6. Maintain biological activity.
7. Share data and materials with others.
ADVANCE NUTRITION
1. Animal and human metabolic studies [Use in bio availability of nutrients]
Bio availability of nutrients refers to proportion of nutrients absorbed from diet and
used for normal function of body, understanding it helps to optimize diets and set
nutrient recommendations approximately.
Metabolic studies to access bioavailability are:
1. Non animal: It is first stage where chemical, mechanical computations are done
2. In vitro: Early stage where experiments are conducted in lab containers,
biological tissue samples are used.
3. Animal models: Animals of higher order are used as they are closely related in
every way to humans. Ex: Rat, guinea pig, dogs, cats, monkey and chimpanzee.
4. Humans: This is last stage of new vaccine or medicine produced is being tested,
humans who come voluntarily are used as a sample to test efficiency of drug or
medicine.
Animals in research:
17 - 23 million animals are used/ year.
95% are rats and mice.
4.25% are rabbits, guinea pig, and sheep.
0.75% are cats and dogs and primitive mammals.
Research is done on humans who come voluntarily.
Study improves quality of life, it helps in production of vaccines and lengthens the
life span,
,b] Uses of animal and metabolic studies
1. Understand cause of disease.
2. Develop drug or vaccine.
3. Prevent or treat disease.
4. Test safety of products we use in our daily life.
Animals are used in research because:
1. They are biologically similar to humans.
2. Anatomically similar.
3. Physiologically similar.
4. Genetically similar.
5. They are also susceptible to disease like humans.
6. They have short life span.
7. They can breed easily in a controlled environment[ light, temperature, diet ect]
, 2. Ethics in conducting human/ animal metabolic studies.
Animal ethics is a term used to describe human - animal relationship, it tells how
animals ought to be treated, it is general thought that it may be necessary to use lab
animals to improve the health status of animals, people and environment, but at the
same time it is general opinion that animals have moral status and our treatment
should be subjected to ethical consideration.
1. Animals have intrinsic value which must he respected.
2. Animals also feel pain and it should be considered.
3. Our moral gets influenced by the way we treat animals in research.
4. Use of animals in privilege is not right.
Five freedoms of live stock are [BRAM BELL]
1. Freedom of hunger and thirst.
2. Freedom from discomfort.
3. Freedom from pain / injury/ disease.
4. Freedom from fear and distress.
5. Freedom to express normal behavior.
Guidelines relating to animal research:
1. Respect dignity of animal.2. Consider other options.
3. Balance suffering and benefit.[ Reduce suffering always]
4. Improve animal welfare.
5. Reduce number of animals in research.
6. Maintain biological activity.
7. Share data and materials with others.
