NCE/CPCE Exam Study Guide Terms / Concepts to
memorize for the exam 100% Correct
\Behaviorism - Theorists - ANSWER John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe,
and B. F. Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - ANSWER Trust versus mistrust (birth to
age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus
guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role
confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity
versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and
beyond).
Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic
Epistemology) - ANSWER Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational
(2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12
to 16).
Assimilation/Adaptation - ANSWER When the individual fits information into existing
ideas. (reinforces beliefs)
Accommodation - ANSWER Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new
information. (changes beliefs)
Conservation - ANSWER The child knows that volume and quantity do not change,
just because the appearance of an object changes.
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - ANSWER model emphasizes the
impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality
throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span
development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and
interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - ANSWER Each level
has two stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences;
conventional level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules;
postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - ANSWER Gilligan's
1982 book In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was
conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - ANSWER In a 1978 classic
book titled The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's
lives throughout the lifespan. The four key eras include: childhood and adolescence,
early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.
Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - ANSWER zone of proximal development
,William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in
Adults/ College Students (dualistic thinking) - ANSWER Dualism in which students
view the truth as either right or wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect answer
may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment to relativism
— in this final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel
facts and new points of view.
James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual
Development - ANSWER Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4
years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7 years, early childhood); mythic-literal
faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond)
a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond);
conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox,
and appreciation of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and
beyond) few reach this stage of enlightenment.
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER means that a given group sees itself as the standard by
which other ethnic groups are measured
Emic versus etic - ANSWER In the emic approach the counselor helps the client
understand his or her culture. In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the
similarities in people; treating people as being the same.
autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - ANSWER Autoplastic implies that the counselor
helps the client change to cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when
the counselor has the client try to change the environment.
Social comparison theory - ANSWER Popularized by early research conducted by
Leon Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and
accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.
The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development
Model (R/ CID) aka the Minority Identity Model - ANSWER (1) Conformity (lean
toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2)
Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3)
Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own
culture); (4) Introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a
counselor from one's own racial/ ethnic group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and
Awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar
attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but
has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals
never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go
backward.
Abreaction - ANSWER violent cathartic reaction
Abscissa - ANSWER x-coordinate
, Absolutist thinking/musterbations - ANSWER Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds,
oughts, and musts"
APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - ANSWER American Personnel and
Guidance Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)>
American Association for Counseling and Development > American Counseling
Association
Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - ANSWER Psychodynamic
Family Therapy
Acquiescence - ANSWER when the client always agrees with something
Acquisition period - ANSWER time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior
Applied/Action/experience-near research - ANSWER advance our knowledge of
how skills, theories, and techniques can be used in practical application
Basic research - ANSWER advance understanding understanding of theory
Active/active-directive therapy - ANSWER directive paradigm
Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory - ANSWER match
worker and environment; assumes only 1 best career for a person; popular with
computer career guidance programs
Edmund Griffith Williamson & Frank Parsons - ANSWER
Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory; father of guidence
Enmeshment - ANSWER when family members are overinvolved with each other
and thus lose their autonomy
Nonsummativity - ANSWER any system including the family is greater than the sum
of its parts (the individuals in it) and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns
rather than merely each individual's behavior
Adult ego state/neopsyche - ANSWER rational, logical, and does not focus on
feelings; Freud's ego (rational)
Parent ego state - ANSWER contains the "shoulds" and "oughts;" Freud's superego
(moral/judgment)
Alfred Adler (neo-freudian) - ANSWER Individual psychology; inferiority complex;
organ inferiority; man is basically good; thirst for perfection that motivates bx; sibling
interaction; social connectedness; lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy
based on feelings about ourselves, birth order, family constellation; a product of
reinforcement; preface to group movement; pioneer in family tx (open forum tx)
Carl Gustav Jung - ANSWER Analytic psychology; collective unconcious
memorize for the exam 100% Correct
\Behaviorism - Theorists - ANSWER John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe,
and B. F. Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - ANSWER Trust versus mistrust (birth to
age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus
guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role
confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity
versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and
beyond).
Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic
Epistemology) - ANSWER Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational
(2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12
to 16).
Assimilation/Adaptation - ANSWER When the individual fits information into existing
ideas. (reinforces beliefs)
Accommodation - ANSWER Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new
information. (changes beliefs)
Conservation - ANSWER The child knows that volume and quantity do not change,
just because the appearance of an object changes.
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - ANSWER model emphasizes the
impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality
throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span
development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and
interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - ANSWER Each level
has two stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences;
conventional level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules;
postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - ANSWER Gilligan's
1982 book In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was
conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - ANSWER In a 1978 classic
book titled The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's
lives throughout the lifespan. The four key eras include: childhood and adolescence,
early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.
Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - ANSWER zone of proximal development
,William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in
Adults/ College Students (dualistic thinking) - ANSWER Dualism in which students
view the truth as either right or wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect answer
may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment to relativism
— in this final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel
facts and new points of view.
James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual
Development - ANSWER Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4
years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7 years, early childhood); mythic-literal
faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond)
a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond);
conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox,
and appreciation of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and
beyond) few reach this stage of enlightenment.
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER means that a given group sees itself as the standard by
which other ethnic groups are measured
Emic versus etic - ANSWER In the emic approach the counselor helps the client
understand his or her culture. In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the
similarities in people; treating people as being the same.
autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - ANSWER Autoplastic implies that the counselor
helps the client change to cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when
the counselor has the client try to change the environment.
Social comparison theory - ANSWER Popularized by early research conducted by
Leon Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and
accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.
The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development
Model (R/ CID) aka the Minority Identity Model - ANSWER (1) Conformity (lean
toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2)
Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3)
Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own
culture); (4) Introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a
counselor from one's own racial/ ethnic group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and
Awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar
attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but
has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals
never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go
backward.
Abreaction - ANSWER violent cathartic reaction
Abscissa - ANSWER x-coordinate
, Absolutist thinking/musterbations - ANSWER Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds,
oughts, and musts"
APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - ANSWER American Personnel and
Guidance Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)>
American Association for Counseling and Development > American Counseling
Association
Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - ANSWER Psychodynamic
Family Therapy
Acquiescence - ANSWER when the client always agrees with something
Acquisition period - ANSWER time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior
Applied/Action/experience-near research - ANSWER advance our knowledge of
how skills, theories, and techniques can be used in practical application
Basic research - ANSWER advance understanding understanding of theory
Active/active-directive therapy - ANSWER directive paradigm
Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory - ANSWER match
worker and environment; assumes only 1 best career for a person; popular with
computer career guidance programs
Edmund Griffith Williamson & Frank Parsons - ANSWER
Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory; father of guidence
Enmeshment - ANSWER when family members are overinvolved with each other
and thus lose their autonomy
Nonsummativity - ANSWER any system including the family is greater than the sum
of its parts (the individuals in it) and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns
rather than merely each individual's behavior
Adult ego state/neopsyche - ANSWER rational, logical, and does not focus on
feelings; Freud's ego (rational)
Parent ego state - ANSWER contains the "shoulds" and "oughts;" Freud's superego
(moral/judgment)
Alfred Adler (neo-freudian) - ANSWER Individual psychology; inferiority complex;
organ inferiority; man is basically good; thirst for perfection that motivates bx; sibling
interaction; social connectedness; lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy
based on feelings about ourselves, birth order, family constellation; a product of
reinforcement; preface to group movement; pioneer in family tx (open forum tx)
Carl Gustav Jung - ANSWER Analytic psychology; collective unconcious
