DBMS
A database is a collection of interconnected information stored in a manner that multiple
users can access it for various purposes . A database is a collection of related data.
A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized system that enables users to
create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among
various users and applications. Examples of database management systems software include
ORACLE, SQL Server, MS Access, DB2, SYBASE .
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM
Self-describing nature of a database system
A database system is referred to as self-describing because it not only contains the database
itself, but also metadata which defines and describes the data and relationships between tables
in the database.
Support for multiple views of data
A database supports multiple views of data. Multiple users in the system might have different
views of the system.
Sharing of data and multiuser system
Current database systems are designed for multiple users. That is, they allow many users to
access the same database at the same time.
Security
DBMS provides security to the data stored in it because all users have different rights to
access database. Some of the users can access the whole database while other can access a
small part of database.
Control of data redundancy
In the database approach, ideally, each data item is stored in only one place in the database. In
some cases, data redundancy still exists to improve system performance, but such redundancy
is controlled by application programming and kept to minimum.
Data independence
The system data descriptions or (metadata) are separated from the application programs. This
is possible because changes to the data structure are handled by the database management
system and are not embedded in the program itself.
Backup and recovery facilities
Backup and recovery are methods that allow you to protect your data from loss. The database
system provides a separate process, for backing up and recovering data. If a hard drive fails
and the database stored on the hard drive is not accessible, the only way to recover the
database is from a backup.
,Insulation between program and data
In the database approach, the data structure is stored in the system catalogue and not in the
programs. Therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the structure of a file. This
insulation between the programs and data is also called program-data independence.
Application of DBMS
1. Railway Reservation System
In the rail route reservation framework, the information base is needed to store the record or
information of ticket appointments, status of train’s appearance, and running route.
2. Library Management System
The data set administration framework (DBMS) is utilized to keep up all the data identified
with the name of the book, issue date, accessibility of the book, and its writer.
3. Banking
Database is utilized to store the exchange data of the client in the information base such as
accounts, loans, banking transactions.
4. Education Sector
Presently, assessments are led online by numerous schools and colleges. They deal with all
assessment information through the data set administration framework (DBMS).
5. Manufacturing
To keep the data about their items like bills, acquisition of the item, amount, inventory
network the executives, information base administration framework (DBMS) is utilized.
7. Airline Reservation System
This framework additionally utilizes an information base administration framework to store
the records of flight take off, appearance, and defer status.
8. Healthcare System
DBMS is used in healthcare to manage patient data, medical records, and billing information.
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEM
• Data Integration: Database systems allow for centralized storage of data from multiple
sources. Databases consolidate diverse data types into a single organized hub for easy
management and access.
• Data Consistency: They enforce rules to ensure data accuracy and reliability, maintaining
quality throughout.
• Data Security: Database systems offer robust security features such as access controls,
encryption, and authentication mechanisms to protect sensitive data from unauthorized
access and breaches.
• Data Scalability: Databases efficiently handle increasing data and user demands,
ensuring smooth operations as your business grows.
• Concurrent Access and Transactions: They manage multiple users accessing and
updating data simultaneously, preventing conflicts and ensuring accuracy.
,• Data Recovery and Backup: Database systems provide mechanisms for backing up and
recovering data, reducing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures, disasters, or
human errors.
• Data Independence: Databases separate data structure from applications, allowing
flexible changes without disrupting functionality.
• Querying and Analysis: Database systems provide powerful querying and analysis
capabilities, allowing users to retrieve, filter, and analyze data efficiently.
DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEM
• Cost: The initial setup and ongoing maintenance of a DBMS can be expensive, including
software licensing fees, hardware requirements, and personnel costs.
• Complexity: Implementing and managing a DBMS can be complex and requires
specialized knowledge and skills, leading to higher training and operational costs.
• Security Concerns: Despite features, DBMS can still be vulnerable to security breaches,
hacking attempts, or insider threats, leading to data breaches and privacy violations
• Scalability Limits: While DBMS can scale to some extent, they may face limitations in
handling extremely large datasets or rapidly increasing user loads,
• Data Redundancy: Poorly designed databases or improper use of DBMS features can
lead to data redundancy and inconsistency, making it challenging to maintain data
integrity and accuracy.
ACTORS OF DATABASE
Database Administrators: A Database Administrator (DBA) is an IT professional
responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance, and management of an
organization's database systems. The responsibilities of a DBA typically include:
• Database Design: Designing and planning the structure and organization of databases to
meet the needs of the organization and its applications, including data modelling, schema
design, and normalization.
• Database Installation and Configuration: Installing and configuring database
management systems (DBMS) software, including selecting appropriate settings,
parameters, and options for optimal performance and security.
• Data Security: Implementing and maintaining security measures to protect sensitive data
from unauthorized access, ensuring compliance with regulations and security policies.
• User Management: Creating and managing user accounts and permissions, controlling
access to databases and data resources based on user roles and privileges.
• Backup and Recovery: Developing and implementing backup and recovery strategies to
ensure data integrity and reducing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures, disasters,
or human errors.
• Performance Monitoring : Monitoring database performance, identifying inefficiencies,
and implementing optimizations to improve response times and resource utilization.
• Database Maintenance: Performing routine maintenance tasks such as database
optimization, index rebuilding, to keep databases running smoothly and efficiently.
Database Designers : Database designers are professionals who specialize in designing the
structure and organization of databases to meet the specific needs of an organization. Their
primary responsibility is to create logical and physical designs for databases that efficiently
store, manage, and retrieve data.
, End Users : End users in the context of database management systems (DBMS) are
individuals or entities who interact directly with the database to retrieve, input, update, or
manipulate data. These are the people whose jobs require access to the database for querying,
updating, and generating reports; the database primarily exists for their use. Types of end
users in a DBMS:
1. Casual End Users
2. Naive or Parametric End Users
3. Sophisticated End Users
4. Specialized End Users
5. Executive End Users
6. Administrative End Users
WHEN NOT TO USE DBMS
Here are some situations where you might consider alternatives or avoid using a DBMS:
1. Small Scale or Simple Data Needs: For basic projects or simple data storage, the
overhead of a DBMS may be unnecessary.
2. Real-Time Processing: In cases requiring immediate data access, DBMS overhead might
be too high; specialized systems may be better.
3. Limited Resources: In resource-constrained environments, a full DBMS may not be
feasible; lightweight solutions are preferable.
4. Data Privacy and Security Concerns: In highly sensitive environments, DBMS
complexity and vulnerabilities could pose risks.
5. Limited Database Expertise: Without skilled personnel, managing a DBMS effectively
may be challenging; simpler solutions or managed services may be better.
6. Highly Volatile Data: In environments with rapidly changing data, maintaining
consistency in a DBMS may be too demanding.
7. Cost Constraints: For budget-conscious organizations, investing in a full DBMS may not
be feasible; open-source or cloud-based options may be more cost-effective.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILE SYSTEM AND DATABASE SYSTEM
• The file system is a method, the operating system provides to store information in the
storage device or computer system. On the other hand, DBMS is software that offers a set
of rules to create, store, access and manage data files in computer system.
• In the file system, data is isolated into separate files. However, in DBMS, data is
centralised as all the data files are integrated into one system.
• Due to decentralisation, there is always a chance of data redundancy in a file-based
approach. On the contrary, the centralisation of data reduces the chances of data
redundancy in DBMS.
• As there is data redundancy in a file-based system, modification in data may lead to data
inconsistency. However, DBMS is designed in a way to have consistent data using
normalisation.
A database is a collection of interconnected information stored in a manner that multiple
users can access it for various purposes . A database is a collection of related data.
A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized system that enables users to
create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among
various users and applications. Examples of database management systems software include
ORACLE, SQL Server, MS Access, DB2, SYBASE .
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM
Self-describing nature of a database system
A database system is referred to as self-describing because it not only contains the database
itself, but also metadata which defines and describes the data and relationships between tables
in the database.
Support for multiple views of data
A database supports multiple views of data. Multiple users in the system might have different
views of the system.
Sharing of data and multiuser system
Current database systems are designed for multiple users. That is, they allow many users to
access the same database at the same time.
Security
DBMS provides security to the data stored in it because all users have different rights to
access database. Some of the users can access the whole database while other can access a
small part of database.
Control of data redundancy
In the database approach, ideally, each data item is stored in only one place in the database. In
some cases, data redundancy still exists to improve system performance, but such redundancy
is controlled by application programming and kept to minimum.
Data independence
The system data descriptions or (metadata) are separated from the application programs. This
is possible because changes to the data structure are handled by the database management
system and are not embedded in the program itself.
Backup and recovery facilities
Backup and recovery are methods that allow you to protect your data from loss. The database
system provides a separate process, for backing up and recovering data. If a hard drive fails
and the database stored on the hard drive is not accessible, the only way to recover the
database is from a backup.
,Insulation between program and data
In the database approach, the data structure is stored in the system catalogue and not in the
programs. Therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the structure of a file. This
insulation between the programs and data is also called program-data independence.
Application of DBMS
1. Railway Reservation System
In the rail route reservation framework, the information base is needed to store the record or
information of ticket appointments, status of train’s appearance, and running route.
2. Library Management System
The data set administration framework (DBMS) is utilized to keep up all the data identified
with the name of the book, issue date, accessibility of the book, and its writer.
3. Banking
Database is utilized to store the exchange data of the client in the information base such as
accounts, loans, banking transactions.
4. Education Sector
Presently, assessments are led online by numerous schools and colleges. They deal with all
assessment information through the data set administration framework (DBMS).
5. Manufacturing
To keep the data about their items like bills, acquisition of the item, amount, inventory
network the executives, information base administration framework (DBMS) is utilized.
7. Airline Reservation System
This framework additionally utilizes an information base administration framework to store
the records of flight take off, appearance, and defer status.
8. Healthcare System
DBMS is used in healthcare to manage patient data, medical records, and billing information.
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEM
• Data Integration: Database systems allow for centralized storage of data from multiple
sources. Databases consolidate diverse data types into a single organized hub for easy
management and access.
• Data Consistency: They enforce rules to ensure data accuracy and reliability, maintaining
quality throughout.
• Data Security: Database systems offer robust security features such as access controls,
encryption, and authentication mechanisms to protect sensitive data from unauthorized
access and breaches.
• Data Scalability: Databases efficiently handle increasing data and user demands,
ensuring smooth operations as your business grows.
• Concurrent Access and Transactions: They manage multiple users accessing and
updating data simultaneously, preventing conflicts and ensuring accuracy.
,• Data Recovery and Backup: Database systems provide mechanisms for backing up and
recovering data, reducing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures, disasters, or
human errors.
• Data Independence: Databases separate data structure from applications, allowing
flexible changes without disrupting functionality.
• Querying and Analysis: Database systems provide powerful querying and analysis
capabilities, allowing users to retrieve, filter, and analyze data efficiently.
DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEM
• Cost: The initial setup and ongoing maintenance of a DBMS can be expensive, including
software licensing fees, hardware requirements, and personnel costs.
• Complexity: Implementing and managing a DBMS can be complex and requires
specialized knowledge and skills, leading to higher training and operational costs.
• Security Concerns: Despite features, DBMS can still be vulnerable to security breaches,
hacking attempts, or insider threats, leading to data breaches and privacy violations
• Scalability Limits: While DBMS can scale to some extent, they may face limitations in
handling extremely large datasets or rapidly increasing user loads,
• Data Redundancy: Poorly designed databases or improper use of DBMS features can
lead to data redundancy and inconsistency, making it challenging to maintain data
integrity and accuracy.
ACTORS OF DATABASE
Database Administrators: A Database Administrator (DBA) is an IT professional
responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance, and management of an
organization's database systems. The responsibilities of a DBA typically include:
• Database Design: Designing and planning the structure and organization of databases to
meet the needs of the organization and its applications, including data modelling, schema
design, and normalization.
• Database Installation and Configuration: Installing and configuring database
management systems (DBMS) software, including selecting appropriate settings,
parameters, and options for optimal performance and security.
• Data Security: Implementing and maintaining security measures to protect sensitive data
from unauthorized access, ensuring compliance with regulations and security policies.
• User Management: Creating and managing user accounts and permissions, controlling
access to databases and data resources based on user roles and privileges.
• Backup and Recovery: Developing and implementing backup and recovery strategies to
ensure data integrity and reducing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures, disasters,
or human errors.
• Performance Monitoring : Monitoring database performance, identifying inefficiencies,
and implementing optimizations to improve response times and resource utilization.
• Database Maintenance: Performing routine maintenance tasks such as database
optimization, index rebuilding, to keep databases running smoothly and efficiently.
Database Designers : Database designers are professionals who specialize in designing the
structure and organization of databases to meet the specific needs of an organization. Their
primary responsibility is to create logical and physical designs for databases that efficiently
store, manage, and retrieve data.
, End Users : End users in the context of database management systems (DBMS) are
individuals or entities who interact directly with the database to retrieve, input, update, or
manipulate data. These are the people whose jobs require access to the database for querying,
updating, and generating reports; the database primarily exists for their use. Types of end
users in a DBMS:
1. Casual End Users
2. Naive or Parametric End Users
3. Sophisticated End Users
4. Specialized End Users
5. Executive End Users
6. Administrative End Users
WHEN NOT TO USE DBMS
Here are some situations where you might consider alternatives or avoid using a DBMS:
1. Small Scale or Simple Data Needs: For basic projects or simple data storage, the
overhead of a DBMS may be unnecessary.
2. Real-Time Processing: In cases requiring immediate data access, DBMS overhead might
be too high; specialized systems may be better.
3. Limited Resources: In resource-constrained environments, a full DBMS may not be
feasible; lightweight solutions are preferable.
4. Data Privacy and Security Concerns: In highly sensitive environments, DBMS
complexity and vulnerabilities could pose risks.
5. Limited Database Expertise: Without skilled personnel, managing a DBMS effectively
may be challenging; simpler solutions or managed services may be better.
6. Highly Volatile Data: In environments with rapidly changing data, maintaining
consistency in a DBMS may be too demanding.
7. Cost Constraints: For budget-conscious organizations, investing in a full DBMS may not
be feasible; open-source or cloud-based options may be more cost-effective.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILE SYSTEM AND DATABASE SYSTEM
• The file system is a method, the operating system provides to store information in the
storage device or computer system. On the other hand, DBMS is software that offers a set
of rules to create, store, access and manage data files in computer system.
• In the file system, data is isolated into separate files. However, in DBMS, data is
centralised as all the data files are integrated into one system.
• Due to decentralisation, there is always a chance of data redundancy in a file-based
approach. On the contrary, the centralisation of data reduces the chances of data
redundancy in DBMS.
• As there is data redundancy in a file-based system, modification in data may lead to data
inconsistency. However, DBMS is designed in a way to have consistent data using
normalisation.
