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Unit. No 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry in which we study about carbon containing compounds
and their properties is called organic chemistry.
Some compounds of carbon such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbides and
carbonates are considered as inorganic substances.
Organic Compounds:
Organic compounds are defined as the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Catenation:
Carbon has the ability to form long chain bond with itself. This self linking ability
of carbon is called catenation. Carbon atom form long chains of bonds with itself and this chain
may contain thousand of carbon atoms. No other atom can form such type of long chain bonds
with itself.
Isomerism:
The compounds that have same molecular formula but different arrangement of
atoms in their molecules are called isomers. This phenomenon is called isomerism.
Example: 𝑩𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆 ∶ 𝑪𝟒𝑯𝟖
n-butane: 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻3
Iso-Butane: 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Occurence:
Most of the organic compounds are obtained from living things or from the things
that were once living.
2. Covalent Nature:
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Due to presence of covalent bond organic compounds are generally covalent in
nature. Organic compounds contain both polar and non-polar covalent bond.
3. Composition:
Carbon is the main part of organic compounds. Hydrogen is also frequently
present in organic compounds. Some other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous
and halogens are also present in many organic compound.
4. Melting & Boiling Point:
Organic compounds are generally volatile; therefore they have low
melting and boiling point.
5. Solubility:
Polar organic compounds are soluble in alcohols such as methyl alcohol and ethyl
alcohol. Non-polar organic compounds are soluble in either, benzene and carbon disulphide.
6. Similarity in Behaviors: (Homology)
A very close relationship is present b/w different organic compounds. Due to this
close relationship it is very easy for us to study millions of organic compounds. A series of
related compounds in which any two adjacent molecules differ by – CH2 – group is called
homologous series or homology.
7. Reaction Rates:
Covalent bond is present in organic compounds. Due to presence of covalent bond
the reaction rates of organic compound are very slow. Also organic compounds are generally less
stable than inorganic compounds.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
SATURATED AND UN-SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
a) Saturated Hydrocarbon:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon – carbon single bonds are called
saturated hydrocarbons. They are also called alkanes and there general formula CnH2n+2 where
„n‟ is the number of carbon atoms. In alkanes each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms.
Example:
Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8) are examples of alkanes.
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Methane: CH4
H
H C H
H
b) Un-Saturated Hydrocarbon:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon – carbon multiple bonds are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons. There are two types of un-saturated hydrocarbons.
i) Alkenes ii) Alkynes
(i) Alkenes:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes.
Their general formula is “Cn H2n” which „n‟ is the number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Ethane (CH2 = CH2), Propene, Butane, Pentene are examples of alkenes.
(ii) Alkynes:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon triple bonds are called alkenes.
Their general formula is “Cn H2n-2” which „n‟ is the number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Ethyne (CH ≡ CH) is an example of alkynes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
TABLES OF FIRST TEN ALKYNES
1 Methane CH4
2 Ethane C2H6
3 Propane C3H8
4 Butane C4H10
5 Pentane C5H12
6 Hexane C6H14
7 Heptane C7H16
8 Octane C8H18
9 Nonane C9H20
Cell: 0321-5138288TT MY
Main Tahli Mohri Chowk Tulsa Road Lalazar Rwp Ph: 051-5564779, WE OWN OUR STUDENT
Unit. No 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry in which we study about carbon containing compounds
and their properties is called organic chemistry.
Some compounds of carbon such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbides and
carbonates are considered as inorganic substances.
Organic Compounds:
Organic compounds are defined as the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Catenation:
Carbon has the ability to form long chain bond with itself. This self linking ability
of carbon is called catenation. Carbon atom form long chains of bonds with itself and this chain
may contain thousand of carbon atoms. No other atom can form such type of long chain bonds
with itself.
Isomerism:
The compounds that have same molecular formula but different arrangement of
atoms in their molecules are called isomers. This phenomenon is called isomerism.
Example: 𝑩𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆 ∶ 𝑪𝟒𝑯𝟖
n-butane: 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻3
Iso-Butane: 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Occurence:
Most of the organic compounds are obtained from living things or from the things
that were once living.
2. Covalent Nature:
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Due to presence of covalent bond organic compounds are generally covalent in
nature. Organic compounds contain both polar and non-polar covalent bond.
3. Composition:
Carbon is the main part of organic compounds. Hydrogen is also frequently
present in organic compounds. Some other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous
and halogens are also present in many organic compound.
4. Melting & Boiling Point:
Organic compounds are generally volatile; therefore they have low
melting and boiling point.
5. Solubility:
Polar organic compounds are soluble in alcohols such as methyl alcohol and ethyl
alcohol. Non-polar organic compounds are soluble in either, benzene and carbon disulphide.
6. Similarity in Behaviors: (Homology)
A very close relationship is present b/w different organic compounds. Due to this
close relationship it is very easy for us to study millions of organic compounds. A series of
related compounds in which any two adjacent molecules differ by – CH2 – group is called
homologous series or homology.
7. Reaction Rates:
Covalent bond is present in organic compounds. Due to presence of covalent bond
the reaction rates of organic compound are very slow. Also organic compounds are generally less
stable than inorganic compounds.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
SATURATED AND UN-SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
a) Saturated Hydrocarbon:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon – carbon single bonds are called
saturated hydrocarbons. They are also called alkanes and there general formula CnH2n+2 where
„n‟ is the number of carbon atoms. In alkanes each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms.
Example:
Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8) are examples of alkanes.
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Methane: CH4
H
H C H
H
b) Un-Saturated Hydrocarbon:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon – carbon multiple bonds are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons. There are two types of un-saturated hydrocarbons.
i) Alkenes ii) Alkynes
(i) Alkenes:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes.
Their general formula is “Cn H2n” which „n‟ is the number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Ethane (CH2 = CH2), Propene, Butane, Pentene are examples of alkenes.
(ii) Alkynes:
Those hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon triple bonds are called alkenes.
Their general formula is “Cn H2n-2” which „n‟ is the number of carbon atoms.
Examples: Ethyne (CH ≡ CH) is an example of alkynes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
TABLES OF FIRST TEN ALKYNES
1 Methane CH4
2 Ethane C2H6
3 Propane C3H8
4 Butane C4H10
5 Pentane C5H12
6 Hexane C6H14
7 Heptane C7H16
8 Octane C8H18
9 Nonane C9H20
