Bhalani

Pharmacology: Paper I
General Pharmacology
Introduction, Routes of Drug Administration
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1. Factors governing choice of Routes of Drug Administration - state, Transdermal
Therapeutic Systems
2. Routes of Drug Administration - mention with one example for each route
3. Subcutaneous Route of Drug Administration - advantages and disadvantages,
examples
4. Kinetics of Drug Administration
5. Intravenous Route - four drugs, advantages and disadvantages


Pharmacokinetics (Chapter 2)
LAQ

1. Bioavailability* - define*, factors* affecting with examples; Bioequivalence


Pharmacokinetics (Chapter 3)
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1. Prodrug - define, explain advantages with examples
2. Microsomal Enzyme Induction**, clinical consequences with two examples*;
implications with examples
3. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - define, significance, Four Drugs having Narrow
Therapeutic Index - list
4. Plasma Half-Life - define, clinical significance, examples
5. Prolongation of Drug Action - four methods with examples

LAQ

1. Biotransformation* - define*, reactions involved with examples, enumerate
factors affecting Biotransformation; Phase 1 and Phase 2 Drug Metabolising
Reactions - enumerate with examples, Enzyme Induction and Enzyme Inhibition -
clinical significance

,Pharmacodynamics
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1. Drug Antagonism - with examples
2. Competitive Antagonism - describe features with examples
3. Four mechanisms by which a drug may alter the absorption of another drug - with
examples

LAQ

1. Drug Interactions - classify, Beneficial Drug Interaction - note with examples
2. Mechanisms by which Drugs produce their Actions in Body - with examples
3. Drug Antagonism - various types with examples


Pharmacotherapy
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1. Define:
i) Tachyphylaxis or Acute Tolerance
ii) Reason for development
iii) Tachyphylaxis and Tolerance - three differences
2. Drug Tolerance - define, types, underlying mechanism, examples

LAQ

1. Factors affecting Drug Action** - describe with clinical relevance; enumerate,
describe with examples*
2. Fixed Dose Combinations - pros and cons with examples


Adverse Drug Effects
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1. Adverse Drug Reactions - classify with examples

LAQ

1. Pharmacovigilance - define, Adverse Drug effects - discuss various types with
examples

,Autonomic Nervous System
Cholinergic System and Drugs
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1. Rationale behind use of atropine with neostigmine
2. Cholinergic Drugs - classify, Myasthenia Gravis - treatment
3. Anticholinesterases* - classify*, therapeutic indications with examples; three
therapeutic uses
4. Reversible and Irreversible Anticholinesterase, Explain Why they are Classified as
Reversible and Irreversible, State Conditions in which this Property is Exploited

LAQ

1. Organophosphate Compound Poisoning*** - management; drug treatment*;
General Principles of Acute Poisoning Treatment
2. Anticholinesterases* - classify* [sub-question]
3. Cholinergic Drugs - classify, Neostigmine* - pharmacological actions, clinical uses*;
MOA


Anticholinergic Drugs
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1. Atropine and Tropicamide as mydriatics - compare and contrast therapeutic use
2. Atropine substitutes** - important uses; therapeutic indications, drug of choice for
each
3. Atropine - four clinical uses


Adrenergic System and Drugs
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1. Adrenaline in treatment of Anaphylactic Shock - pharmacological basis
2. Adrenaline** - four therapeutic uses* with justification*; with pharmacological
basis; dose and route of administration
3. Vasopressor Agents - enumerate four, Adrenaline contraindicated in Hypotensive
Shock - explain why

LAQ

1. Adrenaline** - pharmacological actions*, therapeutic uses**, adverse effects;
precautions while administering

, 2. Classify Adrenergic Drugs [sub-question]


Antiadrenergic Drugs and Drugs for Glaucoma
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1. Drugs used in Glaucoma* - mention, MOA
2. Beta Adrenergic Blockers* - classify, Therapeutic Uses - enumerate; Non-
Cardiovascular Uses
3. Propranolol and Atenolol - eight clinically relevant differences
4. Alpha Adrenergic Blocker - uses, adverse effects
5. Atenolol and Propranolol - compare and contrast

LAQ

1. Propranolol - therapeutic uses with rationale
2. Drugs used in Glaucoma* - classify, MOA, adverse effects of any one;
pharmacological rationale for each drug
3. Beta Blockers* - classify, cardiac, non-cardiac uses, examples with rationale;
therapeutic uses



Drugs Acting on Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
LAQ

1. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants* - classify* on basis on MOA, Succinylcholine - MOA,
adverse effects, therapeutic uses; Curare Alkaloids - uses



Cardiovascular Drugs
Drugs Affecting RAS and Plasma Kinins
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1. ARB with ACE Inhibitors - compare adverse effects
2. Drugs acting on RAAS - enumerate, note on any one
3. Use of ACE Inhibitors in CHF - rationale, four uses
4. ACE Inhibitors - adverse effects