MSN 570 Advance Patho Midterm Study Guide QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| GRADED A

MSN 570 Advance Patho Midterm Study Guide
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| GRADED A
 Course
 MSN 570

1. Question: Which of the following best explains the role of angiotensin II in
blood pressure regulation?

 A. Increases sodium and water excretion.
 B. Causes vasodilation of blood vessels.
 C. Stimulates the release of aldosterone.
 D. Decreases sympathetic nervous activity.

Answer: C. Stimulates the release of aldosterone.

Rationale: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and plays a critical role in the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by stimulating aldosterone release from the adrenal
cortex. This increases sodium and water reabsorption, raising blood volume and blood
pressure.

2. Question: A patient presents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which
laboratory finding would most likely indicate this condition?

 A. Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
 B. Elevated serum creatinine
 C. Low blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
 D. Decreased albumin levels

Answer: B. Elevated serum creatinine

Rationale: An elevated serum creatinine level is a hallmark indicator of impaired kidney
function, as the kidneys are unable to filter creatinine effectively in CKD, leading to its
accumulation in the blood.

3. Question: In a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
what is the primary pathophysiological change?

 A. Increased elasticity of the lungs
 B. Airway hyperreactivity
 C. Destruction of alveolar walls
 D. Mucociliary clearance enhancement

Answer: C. Destruction of alveolar walls

Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation that leads to the destruction of
alveolar walls, reducing surface area for gas exchange, and causing airflow limitation.

,4. Question: Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in
response to chronic ischemia?

 A. Atrophy
 B. Hypertrophy
 C. Hyperplasia
 D. Metaplasia

Answer: A. Atrophy

Rationale: Chronic ischemia results in reduced oxygen and nutrient supply, leading cells to
decrease in size (atrophy) to survive under adverse conditions.

5. Question: The primary cause of edema in heart failure is:

 A. Increased capillary permeability.
 B. Lymphatic obstruction.
 C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
 D. Decreased oncotic pressure.

Answer: C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Rationale: Heart failure often causes fluid retention and increases venous pressure, leading
to elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure and pushing fluid into the interstitial spaces,
resulting in edema.

6. Question: In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the autoimmune destruction targets
which cells?

 A. Beta cells in the pancreas
 B. Alpha cells in the pancreas
 C. Hepatocytes in the liver
 D. Cells in the adrenal cortex

Answer: A. Beta cells in the pancreas

Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells, leading to insulin deficiency and elevated blood glucose levels.

7. Question: A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to present with which of
the following symptoms?

 A. Weight gain
 B. Bradycardia
 C. Heat intolerance
 D. Hyporeflexia

Answer: C. Heat intolerance

,Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate, causing symptoms like heat
intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia, and hyperreflexia due to heightened sympathetic
activity.

8. Question: Which of the following is a characteristic finding in chronic
inflammation?

 A. Predominance of neutrophils
 B. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes
 C. Formation of fibrin clots
 D. Absence of cytokine release

Answer: B. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes

Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of macrophages and
lymphocytes, which play key roles in the prolonged inflammatory response and tissue
remodeling.

9. Question: In myocardial infarction, the ischemic injury initially affects
which layer of the heart?

 A. Epicardium
 B. Endocardium
 C. Myocardium
 D. Pericardium

Answer: C. Myocardium

Rationale: Myocardial infarction results from an interruption of blood supply, primarily
affecting the myocardium, the muscular layer of the heart responsible for contraction and
pumping.

10. Question: Which mechanism is most responsible for tissue damage in
rheumatoid arthritis?

 A. Deposition of amyloid proteins
 B. Autoimmune attack on synovial membranes
 C. Formation of granulomas
 D. Excessive collagen formation

Answer: B. Autoimmune attack on synovial membranes

Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where immune cells attack
synovial membranes, causing inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and joint damage.

11. Question: What is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus?

 A. Decreased insulin production

,  B. Excessive glucose intake
 C. Increased insulin resistance
 D. Enhanced glucose uptake by cells

Answer: A. Decreased insulin production

Rationale: In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, insulin production is drastically reduced or absent,
leading to the breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the accumulation of ketone bodies
and ketoacidosis.



12. Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with
chronic renal failure?

 A. Hypernatremia
 B. Hypokalemia
 C. Hyperkalemia
 D. Hypocalcemia

Answer: C. Hyperkalemia

Rationale: In chronic renal failure, the kidneys are less able to excrete potassium, leading to
hyperkalemia, which can be life-threatening due to its effects on cardiac function.



13. Question: Which is a major risk factor for the development of
atherosclerosis?

 A. Low blood pressure
 B. Hypoglycemia
 C. Dyslipidemia
 D. High HDL cholesterol levels

Answer: C. Dyslipidemia

Rationale: Dyslipidemia, or abnormal lipid levels in the blood (especially high LDL and low
HDL cholesterol), contributes to the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls, leading to
atherosclerosis.



14. Question: The release of which hormone is stimulated by low blood
calcium levels?

 A. Calcitonin
 B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 C. Insulin