NURSING MSN 570 ADV. PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

NURSING MSN 570 ADV. PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Course

 NURSING MSN 570

1. Question: In which condition does the body produce antibodies against the
myelin sheath of neurons?

 A. Multiple sclerosis
 B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
 C. Guillain-Barré syndrome
 D. Myasthenia gravis

Answer: A. Multiple sclerosis

Rationale: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks
the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination and neurological deficits.



2. Question: A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for which of the
following electrolyte imbalances?

 A. Hypocalcemia
 B. Hypernatremia
 C. Hyperkalemia
 D. Hypophosphatemia

Answer: C. Hyperkalemia

Rationale: In chronic kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to excrete potassium effectively,
leading to hyperkalemia, which can result in serious cardiac complications.



3. Question: Which of the following findings is most consistent with a
diagnosis of heart failure?

 A. Decreased jugular venous pressure
 B. Peripheral edema
 C. Elevated blood pressure
 D. Hyperventilation

Answer: B. Peripheral edema

Rationale: Peripheral edema is a common symptom of heart failure, resulting from fluid
overload due to the heart's reduced ability to pump effectively.

,4. Question: In the context of respiratory failure, what does a low arterial
blood gas (ABG) pH indicate?

 A. Respiratory alkalosis
 B. Metabolic acidosis
 C. Respiratory acidosis
 D. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer: C. Respiratory acidosis

Rationale: A low pH in ABG analysis typically indicates acidosis. In respiratory failure, the
retention of carbon dioxide leads to respiratory acidosis.



5. Question: Which of the following conditions is characterized by increased
levels of cortisol?

 A. Addison's disease
 B. Cushing's syndrome
 C. Graves' disease
 D. Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer: B. Cushing's syndrome

Rationale: Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels,
which can be caused by adrenal tumors or prolonged use of corticosteroids.



6. Question: In a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following would likely be elevated?

 A. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
 B. Arterial blood pH
 C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels
 D. Bicarbonate levels

Answer: C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels

Rationale: In COPD, impaired gas exchange leads to CO2 retention, resulting in elevated
carbon dioxide levels in the blood.



7. Question: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in the
pathophysiology of anaphylaxis?

,  A. Type I (IgE-mediated)
 B. Type II (cytotoxic)
 C. Type III (immune complex-mediated)
 D. Type IV (delayed-type)

Answer: A. Type I (IgE-mediated)

Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies that trigger
the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.



8. Question: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the primary problem is:

 A. Insulin resistance
 B. Insulin deficiency
 C. Excess glucose production
 D. Impaired glucose uptake

Answer: B. Insulin deficiency

Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells, leading to a deficiency of insulin production.



9. Question: Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperthyroidism?

 A. Weight gain
 B. Cold intolerance
 C. Tachycardia
 D. Depression

Answer: C. Tachycardia

Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate and sympathetic nervous system
activity, leading to symptoms such as tachycardia.



10. Question: In patients with congestive heart failure, which of the following
compensatory mechanisms is activated to maintain cardiac output?

 A. Decreased heart rate
 B. Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity
 C. Decreased blood volume
 D. Increased parasympathetic activity

Answer: B. Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity

, Rationale: In congestive heart failure, the body activates the RAAS to increase blood volume
and pressure, thereby attempting to maintain cardiac output despite decreased heart function.

11. Question: Which of the following is the primary pathogen responsible for
community-acquired pneumonia in adults?

 A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
 B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
 D. Haemophilus influenzae

Answer: A. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Rationale: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired
pneumonia in adults, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.



12. Question: In diabetic nephropathy, what is the primary pathological
change observed in the kidneys?

 A. Glomerular hyperfiltration
 B. Glomerulosclerosis
 C. Renal tubular acidosis
 D. Acute tubular necrosis

Answer: B. Glomerulosclerosis

Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerulosclerosis, which leads to
progressive kidney damage and ultimately kidney failure.



13. Question: Which condition is characterized by excessive thirst and large
volumes of dilute urine?

 A. Diabetes mellitus
 B. Diabetes insipidus
 C. Hyperaldosteronism
 D. SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)

Answer: B. Diabetes insipidus

Rationale: Diabetes insipidus is a condition where the kidneys cannot concentrate urine due
to insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and polydipsia.