Anatomy and Physiology I Exam
2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is the difference between Intramembranous ossification and endochondral
ossification? (CORRECT ANSWER) INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms
the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-
like layers that reseamble a membrane.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long
bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
what are the four types of bone fractures? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. CLOSED
FRACTURE: broken bone, but skin is still intact.
2.OPEN FRACTURE: both bone and skin are damaged.
3. COMMINUTED: bone has splintered.
4.GREENSTICK:partial fracture, common in children whose bones are not
completely ossified.
what are the functions of the muscular system? (CORRECT ANSWER) skeletal
muscles create movement and protect organs. cardiac muscles pump blood, smooth
muscles aid digestion and ensure blood flow.
what are the functions of the skeletal system? (CORRECT ANSWER) SUPPORT:
serves as framework
PROTECTION: protects the internal organs
ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT: attach to the skeletal muscle
MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS: stores and releases minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION: red and white blood cells, and platelets
TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE: yellow bone marrow produce adipocytes
what is the disorder known as Rickets/Osteomalacia? (CORRECT ANSWER)
RICKETS/OSTEOMALACIA: inadequate calcification of extracellular matrix caused
by vitamin D deficiency. causes rubbery bones in children and increased
pain/fractures in adults
what is the disorder known as Scoliosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) SCOLIOSIS: lateral
(sideways) bending of column; most common type
what is the disorder known as lordosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) LORDOSIS:
increase in severity of the lumbar curve; "hollow back"
what is the disorder known as kyphosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) KYPHOSIS:
increase in severity of the thoracic curve; "hunch back"
what is the disorder known as a spasm? (CORRECT ANSWER) SPASM: sudden
contraction of one muscle in a group of muscles.
what is the disorder known as a tremor? (CORRECT ANSWER) TREMOR: rythmic
involuntary contraction
, what is the disorder known as a fibrillation? (CORRECT ANSWER) FIBRILLATION:
spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber taht is not visible but can be
detected by electromyography. can be a sign of motor neuron destruction.
what is the disorder known as a cramp? (CORRECT ANSWER) CRAMP: a painful
contraction caused by lack of blood flow, overuse, dehydration, etc.
what are the different shapes of the bone? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. LONG BONES:
longer than wide; arms and legs
2. SHORT BONES: cube shaped, equal in length and width; ankles and wrist
3. FLAT BONES: are thin; skull, breastbone,and ribs
4. IRREGULAR BONES: complex shapes; hip and vertebrae bones
5. SESAMOID BONES: sesame-seed shaped; knee caps
what are the two divisions of the skeletal system? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. AXIAL
SKELETON: skull, hyoid bone, ear bones,vertebral column, thorax
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON: shoulder, arm, hip, and leg
what is the difference between the male and female pelvic? (CORRECT ANSWER)
MALE: heavy and thick, deep, narrow, and heart-shaped
FEMALE: light and thin, shallow, wide, and oval-shaped.
what are the three structural classifications of joints? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.FIBROUS: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue
2.CARTILAGINOUS: bones held together by cartilage
3.SYNOVIAL: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue and
ligaments
what are the three functional classifications of joints? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.SYNARTHROSIS: immovable
2.AMPHIARTHROSIS: slightly movable
3.DIARTHROSIS: freely movable, in synovial joints.
what are the specific joints of the human body? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT: hinge joint between mandible and temperal
bone
2.GLENHUMERAL JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by the humerus and glenoid
cavity of the scapula
3.ELBOW JOINT: hinge joint formed from humerus, ulna, and radius
4.HIP JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by femur and acetabulna
5.TIBIAFEMORAL: hinge joint formed by femur, tibia, and patella
what are the three ways to make ATP? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1.SUBSTRATE
LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION- where a high energy phosphate on the (food source)
molecule gets transferred directly onto ADP converting it to ATP.
2.OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION- where a (food source) molecule is oxidized
and the energy is extracted from the electrons by an electron transport chain. The
extracted energy is then used to make ATP by a process known as chemiosmosis.
2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is the difference between Intramembranous ossification and endochondral
ossification? (CORRECT ANSWER) INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms
the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-
like layers that reseamble a membrane.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long
bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
what are the four types of bone fractures? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. CLOSED
FRACTURE: broken bone, but skin is still intact.
2.OPEN FRACTURE: both bone and skin are damaged.
3. COMMINUTED: bone has splintered.
4.GREENSTICK:partial fracture, common in children whose bones are not
completely ossified.
what are the functions of the muscular system? (CORRECT ANSWER) skeletal
muscles create movement and protect organs. cardiac muscles pump blood, smooth
muscles aid digestion and ensure blood flow.
what are the functions of the skeletal system? (CORRECT ANSWER) SUPPORT:
serves as framework
PROTECTION: protects the internal organs
ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT: attach to the skeletal muscle
MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS: stores and releases minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION: red and white blood cells, and platelets
TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE: yellow bone marrow produce adipocytes
what is the disorder known as Rickets/Osteomalacia? (CORRECT ANSWER)
RICKETS/OSTEOMALACIA: inadequate calcification of extracellular matrix caused
by vitamin D deficiency. causes rubbery bones in children and increased
pain/fractures in adults
what is the disorder known as Scoliosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) SCOLIOSIS: lateral
(sideways) bending of column; most common type
what is the disorder known as lordosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) LORDOSIS:
increase in severity of the lumbar curve; "hollow back"
what is the disorder known as kyphosis? (CORRECT ANSWER) KYPHOSIS:
increase in severity of the thoracic curve; "hunch back"
what is the disorder known as a spasm? (CORRECT ANSWER) SPASM: sudden
contraction of one muscle in a group of muscles.
what is the disorder known as a tremor? (CORRECT ANSWER) TREMOR: rythmic
involuntary contraction
, what is the disorder known as a fibrillation? (CORRECT ANSWER) FIBRILLATION:
spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber taht is not visible but can be
detected by electromyography. can be a sign of motor neuron destruction.
what is the disorder known as a cramp? (CORRECT ANSWER) CRAMP: a painful
contraction caused by lack of blood flow, overuse, dehydration, etc.
what are the different shapes of the bone? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. LONG BONES:
longer than wide; arms and legs
2. SHORT BONES: cube shaped, equal in length and width; ankles and wrist
3. FLAT BONES: are thin; skull, breastbone,and ribs
4. IRREGULAR BONES: complex shapes; hip and vertebrae bones
5. SESAMOID BONES: sesame-seed shaped; knee caps
what are the two divisions of the skeletal system? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1. AXIAL
SKELETON: skull, hyoid bone, ear bones,vertebral column, thorax
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON: shoulder, arm, hip, and leg
what is the difference between the male and female pelvic? (CORRECT ANSWER)
MALE: heavy and thick, deep, narrow, and heart-shaped
FEMALE: light and thin, shallow, wide, and oval-shaped.
what are the three structural classifications of joints? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.FIBROUS: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue
2.CARTILAGINOUS: bones held together by cartilage
3.SYNOVIAL: bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue and
ligaments
what are the three functional classifications of joints? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.SYNARTHROSIS: immovable
2.AMPHIARTHROSIS: slightly movable
3.DIARTHROSIS: freely movable, in synovial joints.
what are the specific joints of the human body? (CORRECT ANSWER)
1.TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT: hinge joint between mandible and temperal
bone
2.GLENHUMERAL JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by the humerus and glenoid
cavity of the scapula
3.ELBOW JOINT: hinge joint formed from humerus, ulna, and radius
4.HIP JOINT: ball and socket joint formed by femur and acetabulna
5.TIBIAFEMORAL: hinge joint formed by femur, tibia, and patella
what are the three ways to make ATP? (CORRECT ANSWER) 1.SUBSTRATE
LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION- where a high energy phosphate on the (food source)
molecule gets transferred directly onto ADP converting it to ATP.
2.OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION- where a (food source) molecule is oxidized
and the energy is extracted from the electrons by an electron transport chain. The
extracted energy is then used to make ATP by a process known as chemiosmosis.
