6521N Advanced Pharmacology
midterm questions and answers Graded
A+
What are the two components of prescriptive authority - answersThe right to prescribe
independently
And the right to prescribewithout limitation
The regulation for prescriptive Authority comes from - answersThe State Board of
Nursing
The State Board of Medicine
State Board of Pharmacy
What is the most importantfunction to evaluate when prescribing a medication -
answersHepatic and renal function
What must you pay attention to when performing a refill - answers1. Is this a newer
medication for a patient
2. changing the dose of frequency
3. am I adding new medicines to their regimen
4. is this patient having undesired effects
5. How long has it been since I've seen the patient
6. Is this a Schedule II medication
*If the answer to any of these questions is yes consider a shorter time period for a refill
(one to three months)
What should be included in the teaching for drug monitoring - answersWhat test is
needed
When is test required
Where will testing take place
Why is testing necessary
How does the patient prepare for testing
What periodic Laboratory Testing is needed with Ace and ARB - answersPotassium/
creatinine
,These drugs can cause hyperkalemia
Renal perfusion is dependent on Angiotensin in some patients increased creatinine may
require a change in medication
What LaboratoryTesting is required with amiodarone - answersLiver function, thyroid
function, pulmonary function and chest x-rays
Hepatoxicity is an adverse effect
Either hypo or hyperthyroidism may occur
Pulmonary toxicity is not uncommon, affects maybe permanent
What Laboratory Testing is required with anticonvulsants - answersSerum drug levels-
some have a very narrow therapeutic index
What Laboratory Testing is required with lithium - answersCBC, lithium level, thyroid
function, renal function, serum electrolytes
This drug has a narrow therapeutic margin,
lithium can cause leukocyte elevation
Both hypo and hyperthyroidism may occur
Renal damage is a serious adverse effect
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus May occur, and hyponatremia can create complications
What are the four basic pharmacokinetic processes - answersabsorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion
What is the combination of metabolism and excretion called - answersElimination
What determines the concentration of a drug at its site of action - answersThe four
pharmacokinetic processes acting in concert
What are the three ways for drugs to cross the cell membrane - answersPassage
through channels or pores
Passage with the aid of a transport system
Direct penetration of the membrane
Of all three direct penetration of the membrane is most common
What is an example of a drug that can pass through a Channel or poor -
answersSodium or potassium
What are common drug transporters - answersPgp- P - glycoprotein
, What is the general rule in chemistry - answersdissolve like Membranes are composed
primarily of lipids-therefore to directly penetrate membranes a drug must be lipid soluble
or lipophilic
What is a kind of moleculethat is not lipid soluble and therefore cannot penetrate
membranes - answersPolar molecules and ions
What is a polar molecule? - answersa molecule in which the charges are unevenly
distributed
Example is water
What are ions - answersCharged particles that have a net electrical charge
determined by the pH of the surrounding medium.
Acids tend to ionize and basic alkaline media, whereas bases tend to ionize in acidic
media
Therefore drugs that are weak acids are best absorbed in an acidic environment such
as gastric acid
Example is aspirin
what is the pH partitioning or ion trapping - answersThe process whereby a drug
accumulates on the side of a membrane where the pH most favors its ionization
acidic drugs accumulate on the ______ side - answersalkaline
basic drugs accumulate on the ______ side - answersacidic
What are the two terms associated with absorption of drugs - answersChemical
equivalence and bioavailability
What is bioavailability - answersFraction of administered drug that reaches systemic
circulation unchanged.
What are the factors that affect drug absorption - answersrate of dissolution, surface
area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH partitioning
What is a major detriment of the rate of absorption - answersSurface area
When the surface area is larger absorption is - answersFaster
The small intestine is a larger area because of the microvilli,the stomach is a relatively
small surface area
Absorption of orally administered drugs is usually greatest in the - answersSmall
intestine
midterm questions and answers Graded
A+
What are the two components of prescriptive authority - answersThe right to prescribe
independently
And the right to prescribewithout limitation
The regulation for prescriptive Authority comes from - answersThe State Board of
Nursing
The State Board of Medicine
State Board of Pharmacy
What is the most importantfunction to evaluate when prescribing a medication -
answersHepatic and renal function
What must you pay attention to when performing a refill - answers1. Is this a newer
medication for a patient
2. changing the dose of frequency
3. am I adding new medicines to their regimen
4. is this patient having undesired effects
5. How long has it been since I've seen the patient
6. Is this a Schedule II medication
*If the answer to any of these questions is yes consider a shorter time period for a refill
(one to three months)
What should be included in the teaching for drug monitoring - answersWhat test is
needed
When is test required
Where will testing take place
Why is testing necessary
How does the patient prepare for testing
What periodic Laboratory Testing is needed with Ace and ARB - answersPotassium/
creatinine
,These drugs can cause hyperkalemia
Renal perfusion is dependent on Angiotensin in some patients increased creatinine may
require a change in medication
What LaboratoryTesting is required with amiodarone - answersLiver function, thyroid
function, pulmonary function and chest x-rays
Hepatoxicity is an adverse effect
Either hypo or hyperthyroidism may occur
Pulmonary toxicity is not uncommon, affects maybe permanent
What Laboratory Testing is required with anticonvulsants - answersSerum drug levels-
some have a very narrow therapeutic index
What Laboratory Testing is required with lithium - answersCBC, lithium level, thyroid
function, renal function, serum electrolytes
This drug has a narrow therapeutic margin,
lithium can cause leukocyte elevation
Both hypo and hyperthyroidism may occur
Renal damage is a serious adverse effect
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus May occur, and hyponatremia can create complications
What are the four basic pharmacokinetic processes - answersabsorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion
What is the combination of metabolism and excretion called - answersElimination
What determines the concentration of a drug at its site of action - answersThe four
pharmacokinetic processes acting in concert
What are the three ways for drugs to cross the cell membrane - answersPassage
through channels or pores
Passage with the aid of a transport system
Direct penetration of the membrane
Of all three direct penetration of the membrane is most common
What is an example of a drug that can pass through a Channel or poor -
answersSodium or potassium
What are common drug transporters - answersPgp- P - glycoprotein
, What is the general rule in chemistry - answersdissolve like Membranes are composed
primarily of lipids-therefore to directly penetrate membranes a drug must be lipid soluble
or lipophilic
What is a kind of moleculethat is not lipid soluble and therefore cannot penetrate
membranes - answersPolar molecules and ions
What is a polar molecule? - answersa molecule in which the charges are unevenly
distributed
Example is water
What are ions - answersCharged particles that have a net electrical charge
determined by the pH of the surrounding medium.
Acids tend to ionize and basic alkaline media, whereas bases tend to ionize in acidic
media
Therefore drugs that are weak acids are best absorbed in an acidic environment such
as gastric acid
Example is aspirin
what is the pH partitioning or ion trapping - answersThe process whereby a drug
accumulates on the side of a membrane where the pH most favors its ionization
acidic drugs accumulate on the ______ side - answersalkaline
basic drugs accumulate on the ______ side - answersacidic
What are the two terms associated with absorption of drugs - answersChemical
equivalence and bioavailability
What is bioavailability - answersFraction of administered drug that reaches systemic
circulation unchanged.
What are the factors that affect drug absorption - answersrate of dissolution, surface
area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH partitioning
What is a major detriment of the rate of absorption - answersSurface area
When the surface area is larger absorption is - answersFaster
The small intestine is a larger area because of the microvilli,the stomach is a relatively
small surface area
Absorption of orally administered drugs is usually greatest in the - answersSmall
intestine
