SOCIAL PYSCHOLOGY SIMPLIFIED AND GOOD SUMMARY FOR EXAM REVISION

Theories of Self and Identity - Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) - Brewer and Gardener's 3 Types of Self (1966) - Private Self vs Public Self (Carver & Sheier, 1981) Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) Theory of Self-Schema Development related to self vs groups and Identity - Differing identities based on context - Individual Self- personal identity - Collective Self- group characteristics - We tend to favour those in our group rather than those not in our group Brewer and Gardener's 3 Types of Self (1966) Theory of Self and Identity - Individual self- personal distinguishing traits - Collective self- group membership - Relational self- dyadic relationships that assimilate you to others Self-Awareness The psychological state in which there is a realisation that you are an individual Characteristics of Self-Awareness - Not innate - Not permanent - Ability varies Method to Examine Prescence of Self-Awareness Mirror Test (Gallup, 1970) Mirror Test Conclusion - Self-awareness develops at 1.5-2 yo in humans - Self-awareness is present in chimps, elephants, and dolphins - Self-awareness not present in most non-human animals Private Self vs Public Self (Carver & Sheier, 1981) Theory of Self and Identity - When private self, we have internalised standards so act in according to thoughts, feelings, and attitudes - When public self, we adhere to social standards, are concerned with the evaluation of others, and evaluate ourself Chronic Self-Awareness Self-consciousness Very self-aware so seek avoidance behaviour (drinking, taking drugs) which reduces self-awareness resulting in deindividuation (identifying with crowd rather than self) and no monitoring of behaviour (risk-taking, impulsivity) Deindividuation Identification with the crowd rather than one's self so lower self-awareness Mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn, 1991) - Paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, on the present, non-judgementally - Aware of self, accept self, and aren't reactive Heightened Private Self Consciousness Internal chronic self-awareness - More intense emotions, more accurately perceive self, more likely to adhere to personal beliefs, less stress, can lead to neuroticism and depression Heightened Public Self Consciousness Chronic self-awareness from others - Nervousness, loss of self-esteem, adhere to social norms, focus on physical appearance of self and others Self Knowledge What we know about ourself and how we store this knowledge Self-Schemas How we store information about self and others, stereotypes, top-down predictors of what will happen, how we act, and make decisions Blobby Line Diagrams The idea that in some contexts different associations of the self are activated, and this activation influences how we behave Self-Schematic Information Components of self concept that are important to us Aschematic Information Components of self concept that are not very important to us Theories of Self-Schema Development - Control Theory of Self Regulation (Carver and Scheier, 1981) - Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgns, 1987) - Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) - Self Evaluation Maintenance (Tesser, 1988) - Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) - Self-Categorization Theory (Tuner et al., 1987) Grouping of Theories of Self-Schema Development - Self vs Should be - Self vs Others - Self vs Groups Theories of Self-Schema Development related to self vs how we should be - Control Theory of Self Regulation (Carver and Scheier, 1981) - Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) Theories of Self-Schema Development related to self vs others - Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) - Self Evaluation Maintenance (Tesser, 1988) Theories of Self-Schema Development related to self vs other groups - Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) - Self-Categorization Theory (Tuner et al., 1987) Control Theory of Self Regulation (Carver & Sheier, 1981) Theory of Self-Schema Development related to self vs how we should be - Self-awareness if assessing to see whether goals have been met - We test this, change, test iteratively until we self-regulate in line with our standards - Standards can differ in public vs private Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) Theory of Self-Schema Development related to self vs how we should be - 3 types of self-schema- actual (present), ideal (like to be), ought (should be) - Discrepancy between selves results in emotion, process of self-regulation - If actual-ideal discrepancy, dejection, disappointment - If actual-ought discrepancy, agitation, anxiety Similarity between Control Theory of Regulation (Carver & Sheier, 1981) and Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) - Control Theory of Regulation (Carver & Sheier, 1981) and Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) are both theories of Self-Schema Development related to self vs how we should be Difference between Control Theory of Regulation (Carver & Sheier, 1981) and Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) - Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987) lays out the process for self-regulation through stating emotions when there is a discrepancy between our selves - Control Theory of Regulation (Carver & Sheier, 1981) doesn't lay out the process for self-regulation Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) Theory of Self-Schema Development related to self vs others - We seek approval to understand what is correct - We seek similar people to validate our feelings - We make downward comparisons to seek people who aren't as good boosting our self-esteem Medvec et al. (1955) Findings- Medallists and Comparison of Self-Schema to others - Bronze medallist more