NURS 8022 EXAM 3 ACTUAL EXAM 2024 EXAM 200
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What happens to the percentage of body water through the lifespan? - ANSWER:
Newborns; 75-90%
Childhood; 60-65%
Adults; 60%
Older adults; declines with age
Why do older adults experience a decrease in body percentage of water? - ANSWER:
- increased adipose tissue
- decreased muscle mass
- renal decline
- diminished thirst
What is the definition of osmotic force? - ANSWER: Amt. of hydrostatic pressure
required to oppose the osmotic movement of water.
What is filtration? - ANSWER: movement of fluid from the capillary into the
interstitial space
What is reabsorption? - ANSWER: movement of fluid from interstitial space into the
capillary
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER: (blood pressure) facilitates the
outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space
What is capillary oncotic pressure? - ANSWER: Water pulling
attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary osmotically
What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER: Water pushing.
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the
capillary
What is interstitial oncotic pressure? - ANSWER: water pulling
attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space osmotically.
What is Starlings hypothesis? - ANSWER: Net filtration = forces favoring filtration -
forces opposing filtration
What forces favor filtration? - ANSWER: 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood
pressure)
,2. interstitial oncotic pressure (water pulling)
What forces oppose filtration? - ANSWER: 1. Plasma (capillary) oncotic pressure
(water pulling)
2. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
What is the major force of filtration and reabosoprtion? - ANSWER: capillary
pressures
What happens at the arteriole end of the capillary in terms of fluid forces? -
ANSWER: hydrostatic pressure > interstitial oncotic pressure = water into the
insterstitial space
FILTRATION
What happens at the venous end of a capillary in terms of fluid forces? - ANSWER:
capillary oncotic pressure > interstitial hydrostatic pressure = fluid back into
ciruclation
REABSORPTION
What is the pathophysiology of edema? - ANSWER: increased in forces favoring fluid
filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues
What is the primary ECF cation? - ANSWER: Sodium
What is the primary ECF anion? - ANSWER: Chloride
Describe the relationship btw. Chloride and sodium and bicarbonate - ANSWER: Cl
follow sodium and varies inversely with bicarb.
What hormone regulates sodium? where is it synthesized? - ANSWER: Aldosterone.
Synthesized in the adrenal cortex.
When is aldosterone secreted? - ANSWER: Decreased renal perfusion, low NA levels,
high K levels.
What are the effects of aldosterone secretion? - ANSWER: Acts on the distule tubule
of the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete K and H+ into urine.
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER: decreased blood
pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to secrete renin
renin stimulates angiotensin I
angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II by ACE in pulmonary vessels
, angiotensin II:
- stimulates aldosterone secretion
- causes vasoconstriction
leads to reabsorption of Na/H20, rise of systemic BP restoring renal perfusion... all
negative feedback that inhibits further release of renin
What produces ANP? Urodilantin? - ANSWER: myocardial atria
urodilantin is similar to ANP and is secreted by kidney cells in response to increased
renal blood flow.
Where is BNP produced? - ANSWER: ventricles
ANP and BNP are antagonist to what - ANSWER: RASS and stop secretion of
aldosterone, renin, and AD and the action of angiotensin II
Thirst perception is regulated by; - ANSWER: 1. Osmolality receptors (cause thirst ex:
dry mouth, plasma volume depletion)
2. Baroreceptors (stimulated by depleted plasma volume to cause release of ADH)
What does ADH (arginine vasopressin) do? When is is released? - ANSWER: -
increases H20 absorption by increasing permeability of renal tubules in collecting
ducts of kidneys
- released with increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating blood vol.,
decreased BP
What is osmolality? normal value? - ANSWER: Number of particles per kg of H20.
Doesn't depend on particle size, just number of particles.
normal = 295
What does high/low osmolality indicate - ANSWER: low (less 295) = fluid overload
high > 295 = dehydration
What is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER: a solution that has a lower osmotic
pressure than another solution. Less solute, more water.
What is an isotonic alteration? cause? - ANSWER: Total body water change with
proportional electrolyte changes.
Cause; hemorrhage, diaphoresis, intestinal loss, decreased fluid intake
Hypernatremia - ANSWER: Na >147
H20 from ICF to ECF
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What happens to the percentage of body water through the lifespan? - ANSWER:
Newborns; 75-90%
Childhood; 60-65%
Adults; 60%
Older adults; declines with age
Why do older adults experience a decrease in body percentage of water? - ANSWER:
- increased adipose tissue
- decreased muscle mass
- renal decline
- diminished thirst
What is the definition of osmotic force? - ANSWER: Amt. of hydrostatic pressure
required to oppose the osmotic movement of water.
What is filtration? - ANSWER: movement of fluid from the capillary into the
interstitial space
What is reabsorption? - ANSWER: movement of fluid from interstitial space into the
capillary
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER: (blood pressure) facilitates the
outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space
What is capillary oncotic pressure? - ANSWER: Water pulling
attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary osmotically
What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER: Water pushing.
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the
capillary
What is interstitial oncotic pressure? - ANSWER: water pulling
attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space osmotically.
What is Starlings hypothesis? - ANSWER: Net filtration = forces favoring filtration -
forces opposing filtration
What forces favor filtration? - ANSWER: 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood
pressure)
,2. interstitial oncotic pressure (water pulling)
What forces oppose filtration? - ANSWER: 1. Plasma (capillary) oncotic pressure
(water pulling)
2. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
What is the major force of filtration and reabosoprtion? - ANSWER: capillary
pressures
What happens at the arteriole end of the capillary in terms of fluid forces? -
ANSWER: hydrostatic pressure > interstitial oncotic pressure = water into the
insterstitial space
FILTRATION
What happens at the venous end of a capillary in terms of fluid forces? - ANSWER:
capillary oncotic pressure > interstitial hydrostatic pressure = fluid back into
ciruclation
REABSORPTION
What is the pathophysiology of edema? - ANSWER: increased in forces favoring fluid
filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues
What is the primary ECF cation? - ANSWER: Sodium
What is the primary ECF anion? - ANSWER: Chloride
Describe the relationship btw. Chloride and sodium and bicarbonate - ANSWER: Cl
follow sodium and varies inversely with bicarb.
What hormone regulates sodium? where is it synthesized? - ANSWER: Aldosterone.
Synthesized in the adrenal cortex.
When is aldosterone secreted? - ANSWER: Decreased renal perfusion, low NA levels,
high K levels.
What are the effects of aldosterone secretion? - ANSWER: Acts on the distule tubule
of the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete K and H+ into urine.
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER: decreased blood
pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to secrete renin
renin stimulates angiotensin I
angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II by ACE in pulmonary vessels
, angiotensin II:
- stimulates aldosterone secretion
- causes vasoconstriction
leads to reabsorption of Na/H20, rise of systemic BP restoring renal perfusion... all
negative feedback that inhibits further release of renin
What produces ANP? Urodilantin? - ANSWER: myocardial atria
urodilantin is similar to ANP and is secreted by kidney cells in response to increased
renal blood flow.
Where is BNP produced? - ANSWER: ventricles
ANP and BNP are antagonist to what - ANSWER: RASS and stop secretion of
aldosterone, renin, and AD and the action of angiotensin II
Thirst perception is regulated by; - ANSWER: 1. Osmolality receptors (cause thirst ex:
dry mouth, plasma volume depletion)
2. Baroreceptors (stimulated by depleted plasma volume to cause release of ADH)
What does ADH (arginine vasopressin) do? When is is released? - ANSWER: -
increases H20 absorption by increasing permeability of renal tubules in collecting
ducts of kidneys
- released with increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating blood vol.,
decreased BP
What is osmolality? normal value? - ANSWER: Number of particles per kg of H20.
Doesn't depend on particle size, just number of particles.
normal = 295
What does high/low osmolality indicate - ANSWER: low (less 295) = fluid overload
high > 295 = dehydration
What is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER: a solution that has a lower osmotic
pressure than another solution. Less solute, more water.
What is an isotonic alteration? cause? - ANSWER: Total body water change with
proportional electrolyte changes.
Cause; hemorrhage, diaphoresis, intestinal loss, decreased fluid intake
Hypernatremia - ANSWER: Na >147
H20 from ICF to ECF
