NURS 5315 FINAL EXAM 2024 ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY
GRADED A+
Clinical implication for Beta blockers? (book) - ANSWER: Atrial fibrillation, chronic left
heart failure or reduced ejection fraction
Beta Blockers (book) - ANSWER: reduce myocardial demand. By blocking beta
receptors.
Myocardial contractility is a change in developed tension at a given resting fiber
length, which is simply the ability of the heart muscle to shorten. At the molecular
level, thin filaments of actin slide over thick filaments of myosin called the cross-
bridge cycle of muscle contraction. (video) - ANSWER: Calcium interacts with
troponin C which causes tropomyosin to move thus allowing actin and myosin to
work together to cause contraction.
Explain the difference between cardiac hemodynamic measures Video Lecture:
Cardiac Output - ANSWER: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed from the
left ventricle in 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per
minute by the stroke volume.
Right Heart (book) - ANSWER: pumps blood through the lungs
Left Heart (book) - ANSWER: sends blood throughout the systemic circulation, which
supplies all of the body except the lungs.
Arteries (hint A for away) (Book) - ANSWER: carry blood (away) from the heart to all
parts of the body, where they branch into arterioles and even smaller vessels until
they become a fine meshwork of capillaries.
Capillaries (Book) - ANSWER: allow the closest contact and exchange between the
blood and the interstitial space, or interstitium—the environment in which the cells
live
Venules and the veins (Book) - ANSWER: carry blood from capillaries back to the
heart.
Lymph (Book) - ANSWER: is returned to the cardiovascular system by vessels of the
lymphatic system.
Blood flow through the heart chambers/valves (Book) - ANSWER: The right heart
pumps de-oxygenated blood through to the right atrium>through the tricuspid
valve> right ventricle>pulmonary semilunar valve>pulmonary artery>Lungs (now
, oxygenated blood)>Pulmonary veins>Left Atrium>Bicuspid or Mitral valve>Left
Ventricle>Aortic Semilunar Valve>Aorta
The coronary arteries provide blood to which part of the heart. (Book) - ANSWER:
The myocardium and other heart structures are supplied with oxygen and nutrients
by the coronary circulation
What are the two major coronary arteries? (Book) - ANSWER: The major coronary
arteries are the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left coronary artery (LCA)
The transmission of electrical impulses, termed cardiac action potentials move
throughout the myocardium. Analyze the process of action potentials. (Book) -
ANSWER: As an electrical impulse passes from cell to cell (fiber to fiber) in the
myocardium, it stimulates an intracellular process that results in fiber shortening—
that is, muscular contraction or systole. Between action potentials, the fibers relax
and return to their resting length, causing diastole.
The various phases of the cardiac action potential are related
to changes in the permeability of the cell membrane to sodium,
potassium, chloride, and calcium(Book) - ANSWER: Threshold is the point at which
the cell membrane's selective permeability to these ions is temporarily disrupted,
leading to depolarization. If the resting membrane potential becomes more negative
as a result of a decrease in extracellular potassium concentration (hypokalemia), it is
termed hyperpolarization.
How potassium affects myocardial action potentials, contraction, and clinical
manifestations.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER: When the resting membrane potential becomes more
negative as a result of a decrease in extracellular potassium concentration (Book)
it is termed hyper-polarization.
Calcium and Excitation-contraction coupling is the process by which an action
potential arriving at the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber triggers the cycle
leading to cross-bridge activity and contraction. (Book) - ANSWER: It enters the
myocardial cell from the interstitial fluid after electrical excitation, which increases
the membrane permeability to calcium. Two types of calcium channels (L-type and T-
type) are identified in cardiac tissues.
Calcium interacts with troponin C which causes tropomyosin to move thus allowing
actin and myosin to work together to cause contraction. (Lecture) - ANSWER: The
greater the amount of intracellular calcium the stronger the contraction.
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER: Because serum calcium levels are increased, a greater
amount of calcium is also contained inside the cells. The threshold potential
becomes more positive (hyperpolarized) (e.g., moves from −60 to −50 millivolts) and
the cell membrane becomes refractory to depolarization (decreased excitability).
COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY
GRADED A+
Clinical implication for Beta blockers? (book) - ANSWER: Atrial fibrillation, chronic left
heart failure or reduced ejection fraction
Beta Blockers (book) - ANSWER: reduce myocardial demand. By blocking beta
receptors.
Myocardial contractility is a change in developed tension at a given resting fiber
length, which is simply the ability of the heart muscle to shorten. At the molecular
level, thin filaments of actin slide over thick filaments of myosin called the cross-
bridge cycle of muscle contraction. (video) - ANSWER: Calcium interacts with
troponin C which causes tropomyosin to move thus allowing actin and myosin to
work together to cause contraction.
Explain the difference between cardiac hemodynamic measures Video Lecture:
Cardiac Output - ANSWER: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed from the
left ventricle in 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per
minute by the stroke volume.
Right Heart (book) - ANSWER: pumps blood through the lungs
Left Heart (book) - ANSWER: sends blood throughout the systemic circulation, which
supplies all of the body except the lungs.
Arteries (hint A for away) (Book) - ANSWER: carry blood (away) from the heart to all
parts of the body, where they branch into arterioles and even smaller vessels until
they become a fine meshwork of capillaries.
Capillaries (Book) - ANSWER: allow the closest contact and exchange between the
blood and the interstitial space, or interstitium—the environment in which the cells
live
Venules and the veins (Book) - ANSWER: carry blood from capillaries back to the
heart.
Lymph (Book) - ANSWER: is returned to the cardiovascular system by vessels of the
lymphatic system.
Blood flow through the heart chambers/valves (Book) - ANSWER: The right heart
pumps de-oxygenated blood through to the right atrium>through the tricuspid
valve> right ventricle>pulmonary semilunar valve>pulmonary artery>Lungs (now
, oxygenated blood)>Pulmonary veins>Left Atrium>Bicuspid or Mitral valve>Left
Ventricle>Aortic Semilunar Valve>Aorta
The coronary arteries provide blood to which part of the heart. (Book) - ANSWER:
The myocardium and other heart structures are supplied with oxygen and nutrients
by the coronary circulation
What are the two major coronary arteries? (Book) - ANSWER: The major coronary
arteries are the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left coronary artery (LCA)
The transmission of electrical impulses, termed cardiac action potentials move
throughout the myocardium. Analyze the process of action potentials. (Book) -
ANSWER: As an electrical impulse passes from cell to cell (fiber to fiber) in the
myocardium, it stimulates an intracellular process that results in fiber shortening—
that is, muscular contraction or systole. Between action potentials, the fibers relax
and return to their resting length, causing diastole.
The various phases of the cardiac action potential are related
to changes in the permeability of the cell membrane to sodium,
potassium, chloride, and calcium(Book) - ANSWER: Threshold is the point at which
the cell membrane's selective permeability to these ions is temporarily disrupted,
leading to depolarization. If the resting membrane potential becomes more negative
as a result of a decrease in extracellular potassium concentration (hypokalemia), it is
termed hyperpolarization.
How potassium affects myocardial action potentials, contraction, and clinical
manifestations.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER: When the resting membrane potential becomes more
negative as a result of a decrease in extracellular potassium concentration (Book)
it is termed hyper-polarization.
Calcium and Excitation-contraction coupling is the process by which an action
potential arriving at the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber triggers the cycle
leading to cross-bridge activity and contraction. (Book) - ANSWER: It enters the
myocardial cell from the interstitial fluid after electrical excitation, which increases
the membrane permeability to calcium. Two types of calcium channels (L-type and T-
type) are identified in cardiac tissues.
Calcium interacts with troponin C which causes tropomyosin to move thus allowing
actin and myosin to work together to cause contraction. (Lecture) - ANSWER: The
greater the amount of intracellular calcium the stronger the contraction.
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER: Because serum calcium levels are increased, a greater
amount of calcium is also contained inside the cells. The threshold potential
becomes more positive (hyperpolarized) (e.g., moves from −60 to −50 millivolts) and
the cell membrane becomes refractory to depolarization (decreased excitability).
