NURS 8022 PATHO FINAL EXAM ACTUAL EXAM ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
Negative Feedback - ANSWER: Promotes stability; cancels out the original response.
Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - ANSWER: Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - ANSWER: Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - ANSWER: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second
messengers
Peripheral proteins - ANSWER: Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - ANSWER: Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd
and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER: Occurs down a concentration gradient; from
HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER: Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - ANSWER: 1. Concentration difference
(high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - ANSWER: Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - ANSWER: Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a
concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - ANSWER: Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in
the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - ANSWER: Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll
cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
, Ca2+ ATPase - ANSWER: Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - ANSWER: - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - ANSWER: sodium is pumped out of the cell;
potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - ANSWER: Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - ANSWER: Substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - ANSWER: Increase
intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - ANSWER: determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - ANSWER: -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - ANSWER: Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
Equilibrium Potential - ANSWER: the diffusion potential that exactly balances or
opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.
If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... - ANSWER: K+ would diffuse down
its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane
countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration gradient to
the outside of the cell).
Potassium Nernst Potential - ANSWER: Also called equilibrium potential; if the
membrane were only permeate to K+; the Vm would be -94mv.
Sodium Nernst Potential - ANSWER: If the membrane were only permeable to Na+
then the Vm would be +61mv.
The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation - ANSWER: The resting membrane potential is
closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
Depolarization - ANSWER: The process during the action potential when sodium is
rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)
Hyperpolarization - ANSWER: The movement of the membrane potential of a cell
away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
Negative Feedback - ANSWER: Promotes stability; cancels out the original response.
Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - ANSWER: Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - ANSWER: Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - ANSWER: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second
messengers
Peripheral proteins - ANSWER: Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - ANSWER: Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd
and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER: Occurs down a concentration gradient; from
HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER: Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - ANSWER: 1. Concentration difference
(high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - ANSWER: Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - ANSWER: Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a
concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - ANSWER: Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in
the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - ANSWER: Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll
cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
, Ca2+ ATPase - ANSWER: Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - ANSWER: - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - ANSWER: sodium is pumped out of the cell;
potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - ANSWER: Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - ANSWER: Substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - ANSWER: Increase
intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - ANSWER: determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - ANSWER: -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - ANSWER: Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
Equilibrium Potential - ANSWER: the diffusion potential that exactly balances or
opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.
If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... - ANSWER: K+ would diffuse down
its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane
countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration gradient to
the outside of the cell).
Potassium Nernst Potential - ANSWER: Also called equilibrium potential; if the
membrane were only permeate to K+; the Vm would be -94mv.
Sodium Nernst Potential - ANSWER: If the membrane were only permeable to Na+
then the Vm would be +61mv.
The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation - ANSWER: The resting membrane potential is
closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
Depolarization - ANSWER: The process during the action potential when sodium is
rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)
Hyperpolarization - ANSWER: The movement of the membrane potential of a cell
away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
