NURS 617 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM 2024 NEWEST EXAM
COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) AND RATIONALES /ALREADY GRADED A+
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. - ANSWER: b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, which
yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water - ANSWER: a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. - ANSWER: d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the
following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain - ANSWER: a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
,d. metaplasia. - ANSWER: c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury - ANSWER: c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. - ANSWER: c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to replace the
lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure
(hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process
of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. - ANSWER: b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial cells
will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. - ANSWER: b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury and
cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, causing the
ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results in decreased
protein production.
,Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. - ANSWER: b. Lead interferes with
neurotransmitter release.
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
a. autodigestion of cells.
b. cellular acidosis.
c. sodium influx.
d. cellular adaptation - ANSWER: a. autodigestion of cells.
Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme release during hypoxic injury causes autodigestion of
cells.
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
a. cancer cells.
b. scar tissue.
c. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
d. another type of cell. - ANSWER: d.another type of cell.
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of normal cells by another type of cell.
Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most frequently affected by
ethanol injury?
a. Kidneys
b. Heart
c. Stomach
d. Brain - ANSWER: d. Brain
Rationale: Alcohol directly affects the cells in the liver and the brain.
The major mechanism of injury in drowning is:
a. hypoxemia.
b. absorption of fluid from the lungs.
c. electrolyte imbalances.
d. free radical injury. - ANSWER: a. hypoxemia.
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
, a. chemical toxicity.
b. free radicals.
c. malnutrition.
d. ischemia. - ANSWER: d. ischemia.
Rationale: Hypoxic injury results from a lack of oxygen. The most common cause of
this type of cell injury is ischemia, a decrease in blood flow to the tissue.
The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in:
a. cell division.
b. plasma membrane thickness.
c. protein synthesis.
d. water accumulation. - ANSWER: c. protein synthesis.
Rationale: The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in protein
synthesis to produce larger, stronger muscle cells.
Tissue ischemia and a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation result in:
a. cellular dehydration.
b. calcium accumulation outside the cell.
c. decreased ATP production.
d. increased protein synthesis. - ANSWER: c. decreased ATP production.
Rationale: A decrease in oxygen delivery results in a decrease in ATP production.
Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are molecules in food that act as:
a. receptor blockers.
b. antioxidants.
c. poisons.
d. free radicals. - ANSWER: b. antioxidants.
Rationale: Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are antioxidants that attract and
neutralize unpaired electrons to protect against free radical injury.
Which of the following molecules is likely to accumulate in any dead or dying
tissues?
a. Calcium
b. Uric acid
c. Melanin
d. Protein - ANSWER: a. Calcium
COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) AND RATIONALES /ALREADY GRADED A+
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above. - ANSWER: b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, which
yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
d. Water - ANSWER: a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury. - ANSWER: d.protect cells from injury.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the
following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain - ANSWER: a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle atrophy.
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
,d. metaplasia. - ANSWER: c. dysplasia.
Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury - ANSWER: c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to:
a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty. - ANSWER: c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to replace the
lost tissue.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure
(hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process
of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia. - ANSWER: b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial cells
will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
c. the release of enzymes.
d. lactic acid production. - ANSWER: b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury and
cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, causing the
ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results in decreased
protein production.
,Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following
mechanisms?
a. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin.
b. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem.
d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. - ANSWER: b. Lead interferes with
neurotransmitter release.
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
a. autodigestion of cells.
b. cellular acidosis.
c. sodium influx.
d. cellular adaptation - ANSWER: a. autodigestion of cells.
Rationale: Lysosomal enzyme release during hypoxic injury causes autodigestion of
cells.
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
a. cancer cells.
b. scar tissue.
c. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
d. another type of cell. - ANSWER: d.another type of cell.
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of normal cells by another type of cell.
Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most frequently affected by
ethanol injury?
a. Kidneys
b. Heart
c. Stomach
d. Brain - ANSWER: d. Brain
Rationale: Alcohol directly affects the cells in the liver and the brain.
The major mechanism of injury in drowning is:
a. hypoxemia.
b. absorption of fluid from the lungs.
c. electrolyte imbalances.
d. free radical injury. - ANSWER: a. hypoxemia.
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
, a. chemical toxicity.
b. free radicals.
c. malnutrition.
d. ischemia. - ANSWER: d. ischemia.
Rationale: Hypoxic injury results from a lack of oxygen. The most common cause of
this type of cell injury is ischemia, a decrease in blood flow to the tissue.
The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in:
a. cell division.
b. plasma membrane thickness.
c. protein synthesis.
d. water accumulation. - ANSWER: c. protein synthesis.
Rationale: The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in protein
synthesis to produce larger, stronger muscle cells.
Tissue ischemia and a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation result in:
a. cellular dehydration.
b. calcium accumulation outside the cell.
c. decreased ATP production.
d. increased protein synthesis. - ANSWER: c. decreased ATP production.
Rationale: A decrease in oxygen delivery results in a decrease in ATP production.
Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are molecules in food that act as:
a. receptor blockers.
b. antioxidants.
c. poisons.
d. free radicals. - ANSWER: b. antioxidants.
Rationale: Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene are antioxidants that attract and
neutralize unpaired electrons to protect against free radical injury.
Which of the following molecules is likely to accumulate in any dead or dying
tissues?
a. Calcium
b. Uric acid
c. Melanin
d. Protein - ANSWER: a. Calcium
