ATI TEAS 6 SCIENCE(HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY) EXAM LATEST UPDATES 2024-2025
NEWEST EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
Cell Membrane - ANSWER-Acting as a *barrier*. Helps keep cytoplasm *in* and substances
located outside the cell *out*.
-Helps determine what is allowed to *exit and enter*.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-*Two Types:*
*-Rough ER:* Has ribosomes on surface.
~*Functions*: Manufacture lysosomal enzymes, Manufacture of secreted proteins. (Protein
production, protein folding, quality control, and despatch)
*-Smooth ER:* Has no ribosomes.
~*Functions*: Manufacture Lipids (fat), Metabolism, Steroid Hormone production (adrenal
cortex and endocrine glands), Helps liver detox.
-*Tubular Network* that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is *fused* to the nuclear
membrane and *extends* through cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Vary in terms of *size* and *quantity*. Has various functions.
*-Functions:* Production of Cell Energy (ATP) (Main function), Cell Signaling (Communications
are carried out), Cell Differentiation (Cell transforms into a cell with more *specialized
purpose*), Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation (Growth and Death, Reproduction).
-Inner and Outer membrane:
~*Inner:* Encloses the matrix. Contains mtDNA and ribosomes.
,~Between the 2 Membranes: Cristae (Folds). Chemical reactions occur here that *release
energy, Control Water Levels in cells, and Recycle and Create Proteins and Fats.*
*-Aerobic Respiration:* Occurs in Mitochondria.
Animal Cell Structure - ANSWER-Contains: Centrosomes, Centriole, Lysosome, Cilia, Flagella
Centrosome - ANSWER-Pair of centrioles located at *right angles to each other* and
*surrounded by protein*.
-Involved in *Mitosis and Cell Cycle*
Centriole - ANSWER-Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus.
-Involved in *Cellular Division*
-Each cylinder consist of *9 Groups of 3 Microtubules*. Occurs in pairs.
Lysosome - ANSWER-*-Functions:* Digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Also *transports*
undigested substances to the membrane do they can be *removed*. Shape depends on
material being transported.
Cilia - ANSWER-Appendages extending *from the surface* of the cell.
-*Moves* the cell and results in fluid being moved by the cell.
Flagella - ANSWER-Tail-like structures on cell that use *whip-like* movements to help move the
cell. Longer than Cilia. Only has one or a few flagella.
Cell Cycle - ANSWER-*The process by which a cell reproduces* which involves cell growth,
duplication of genetic material, and cell division.
-Complex organisms: Use the cell cycle to *replace* cells as they lose their functionality and
wear out.
-In Animals: Cell Cycle can take 24 hours.
,-Human Skin Cells: Constantly reproducing.
-2 Ways for Cell Reproduction: *Mitosis and Meiosis*
Cell differentiation - ANSWER-*Determines the different cell types*
-When less-specialized cell becomes a more-specialized cell. Process is controlled by *genes of
each cell among a group* of cells known as a *zygote*.
-Cell builds certain proteins and other pieces that set it apart as a specific type of cell.
~Example: Gastrulation (early phase in embryonic development in animals)
Mitosis - ANSWER-Events that occur: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase,
and Cytokinesis.
Hierarchy of Structures - ANSWER-Lowest Hierarchy level is at *Organelles within a cell*. They
obtain energy from food and reproduction.
-Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called *Tissues*.
-Tissues are collected into *Organs*, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter
out waste (kidneys).
-Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions, like
*nourishing the body* (digestive) or *protecting the body from attacks* (immune).
Cell Parts - ANSWER-*-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with
other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.*
The Nucleus - ANSWER-*-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains *Chromosomes* and
*Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the
passing on of genetic traits between generations.*
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and
ribosomes.
, Chromosomes - ANSWER-Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. *DNA* is genetic material
that stores information about the plant or animal.
Chromatin - ANSWER-Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that make up chromosomes.
Nucleolus - ANSWER-Structure contained *within* the nucleus, consists of *proteins.* Small,
Round, and does *not* have a membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and
stores RNA.*
Nuclear Envelope - ANSWER-*Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of *inner and outer membranes
made of lipids.*
Nuclear Pores - ANSWER-Involved in *exchange of material between nucleus and the
cytoplasm.*
Nucleoplasm - ANSWER-Liquid *within* the membrane and is *similar* to cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane - ANSWER-*"Plasma Membrane"*
-Made of *Lipids and Proteins*
-*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate
with the outside environment.
-Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external
environment.
*~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility
*~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
*~Proteins*: Help give cells shape
*~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external environment.
*~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
PHYSIOLOGY) EXAM LATEST UPDATES 2024-2025
NEWEST EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
Cell Membrane - ANSWER-Acting as a *barrier*. Helps keep cytoplasm *in* and substances
located outside the cell *out*.
-Helps determine what is allowed to *exit and enter*.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-*Two Types:*
*-Rough ER:* Has ribosomes on surface.
~*Functions*: Manufacture lysosomal enzymes, Manufacture of secreted proteins. (Protein
production, protein folding, quality control, and despatch)
*-Smooth ER:* Has no ribosomes.
~*Functions*: Manufacture Lipids (fat), Metabolism, Steroid Hormone production (adrenal
cortex and endocrine glands), Helps liver detox.
-*Tubular Network* that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is *fused* to the nuclear
membrane and *extends* through cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Vary in terms of *size* and *quantity*. Has various functions.
*-Functions:* Production of Cell Energy (ATP) (Main function), Cell Signaling (Communications
are carried out), Cell Differentiation (Cell transforms into a cell with more *specialized
purpose*), Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation (Growth and Death, Reproduction).
-Inner and Outer membrane:
~*Inner:* Encloses the matrix. Contains mtDNA and ribosomes.
,~Between the 2 Membranes: Cristae (Folds). Chemical reactions occur here that *release
energy, Control Water Levels in cells, and Recycle and Create Proteins and Fats.*
*-Aerobic Respiration:* Occurs in Mitochondria.
Animal Cell Structure - ANSWER-Contains: Centrosomes, Centriole, Lysosome, Cilia, Flagella
Centrosome - ANSWER-Pair of centrioles located at *right angles to each other* and
*surrounded by protein*.
-Involved in *Mitosis and Cell Cycle*
Centriole - ANSWER-Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus.
-Involved in *Cellular Division*
-Each cylinder consist of *9 Groups of 3 Microtubules*. Occurs in pairs.
Lysosome - ANSWER-*-Functions:* Digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Also *transports*
undigested substances to the membrane do they can be *removed*. Shape depends on
material being transported.
Cilia - ANSWER-Appendages extending *from the surface* of the cell.
-*Moves* the cell and results in fluid being moved by the cell.
Flagella - ANSWER-Tail-like structures on cell that use *whip-like* movements to help move the
cell. Longer than Cilia. Only has one or a few flagella.
Cell Cycle - ANSWER-*The process by which a cell reproduces* which involves cell growth,
duplication of genetic material, and cell division.
-Complex organisms: Use the cell cycle to *replace* cells as they lose their functionality and
wear out.
-In Animals: Cell Cycle can take 24 hours.
,-Human Skin Cells: Constantly reproducing.
-2 Ways for Cell Reproduction: *Mitosis and Meiosis*
Cell differentiation - ANSWER-*Determines the different cell types*
-When less-specialized cell becomes a more-specialized cell. Process is controlled by *genes of
each cell among a group* of cells known as a *zygote*.
-Cell builds certain proteins and other pieces that set it apart as a specific type of cell.
~Example: Gastrulation (early phase in embryonic development in animals)
Mitosis - ANSWER-Events that occur: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase,
and Cytokinesis.
Hierarchy of Structures - ANSWER-Lowest Hierarchy level is at *Organelles within a cell*. They
obtain energy from food and reproduction.
-Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called *Tissues*.
-Tissues are collected into *Organs*, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter
out waste (kidneys).
-Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions, like
*nourishing the body* (digestive) or *protecting the body from attacks* (immune).
Cell Parts - ANSWER-*-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with
other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.*
The Nucleus - ANSWER-*-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains *Chromosomes* and
*Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the
passing on of genetic traits between generations.*
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and
ribosomes.
, Chromosomes - ANSWER-Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. *DNA* is genetic material
that stores information about the plant or animal.
Chromatin - ANSWER-Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that make up chromosomes.
Nucleolus - ANSWER-Structure contained *within* the nucleus, consists of *proteins.* Small,
Round, and does *not* have a membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and
stores RNA.*
Nuclear Envelope - ANSWER-*Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of *inner and outer membranes
made of lipids.*
Nuclear Pores - ANSWER-Involved in *exchange of material between nucleus and the
cytoplasm.*
Nucleoplasm - ANSWER-Liquid *within* the membrane and is *similar* to cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane - ANSWER-*"Plasma Membrane"*
-Made of *Lipids and Proteins*
-*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate
with the outside environment.
-Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external
environment.
*~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility
*~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
*~Proteins*: Help give cells shape
*~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external environment.
*~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
