CHEM 212: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Year 3 Semester 1, Course Description
Department CHEMISTRY
Course Code: CHEM 212
3.1 Course Title Organic Chemistry II
Credit Factors (CFs) 3.5
Prerequisite(s) CHEM 122
3.2 Purpose of the To equip the learner with knowledge on the chemistry of carbonyl
course compounds, and carboxylic acids
3.3 Expected Learning By the end of the course, the learner should be able to:
Outcomes 1. Explain the chemistry of carbonyl compounds
2. Describe major synthetic methods in chemistry of carbonyl
compounds
3. Explain chemistry of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
3.4 Course Content Carbonyl Compounds: Carboxylic Acids, Aldehydes, Ketones and Acyl
Groups. Nomenclature: Oxidation and Reduction: General Features,
Oxidation States of Organic Compounds. Structure and Reactivity of
Groups with C=O: Bonding and Structure, Reactivity and Selectivity of
C=O Groups. C=O Influence on Reactivity of Neighboring Atoms: Acidity
of Carboxylic Acids, Acidity of Hydrogens on α-Carbons. physical
properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic
acids, with their structures; •explain the mechanism of a few selected
reactions of aldehydes and ketones; understand various factors
affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions; describe the
uses of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
3.5 Mode of delivery Lectures, Laboratory Practicals, Class discussions, Reading research
3.6 Instructional Whiteboard markers, Textbooks, Flip Charts, Laptops, Projectors
Material and/or Practical manuals.
Equipment
3.7 Course Assessment Type of Assessment Weighting
1. C.A.T 15%
2. Assignment 5%
3. Practicals 10%
4. Examination 70%
Total Scores 100%
3.8 Core Reading Ansyln, E. & Dougherty A. (2016). Modern Organic Chemistry,
materials for the Course University Science Books
, 3.9 Recommended 1. Michael B. Smith, Jerry March (2007): March's Advanced
Reference Materials Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. John
Wiley & Sons
2. Wade L.G, Jr (2006). Organic Chemistry. 6th Ed. Pearson
Education
3. Francis A. Carey (2000). Organic Chemistry. 4th Ed. McGraw-
Hill, New York,
4. Morrison, R.T. Boyd, R. N. (2002): Organic Chemistry, 6th Ed.
Prentice Hall
5. McMurray, J. (2009): Organic chemistry, Volume I, Cengage
Learning, USA.
CHEM 212: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
O
Carbonyl compounds R Z
-Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms or alkyl/aryl group bonded
to the carbonyl group (Aldehydes and Ketones).
O O
R H R R'
Aldehydes Ketones
-An aldehyde has at least one H atom bonded to the Carbonyl group.
-A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group.
-Compounds that contain an electronegative atom bonded to the carbonyl group
(Carboxylic acids and their derivatives).
O O O O
R OH R Cl R OR' R NR2R2
Carboxylic acid Acid chloride Ester Amide
,-Each of these compounds contains an electronegative atom Cl, O or N) capable of
acting as a leaving group.
Nomenclature of Aldehydes
-Common names of aldehydes are derived from common names of carboxylic acids.
The Greek letters are used with common names of aldehydes to give the locations
of substituents. Alpha is given to the carbon atom next to the carbonyl group. Eg
Carboxylic acid Aldehyde
HCOOH (Formic acid) HCHO (Formaldehyde)
CH3CH2COOH (Acetic acid) CH3CH2CHO (Acetaldehyde)
C6H5COOH (Benzoic acid) C6H5CHO (Benzaldehyde)
Others
CH3CHBrCH2COH (β-Bromobutylaldehyde)
CH3CH2CHBrCOH (α-Bromobutylaldehyde)
IUPAC naming of Aldehydes
-The largest chain carrying the carbonyl group (-CHO) is considered the parent
structure.
-The final –e of the alkene name is replaced with –al.
-The carbonyl C is numbered as position 1 and the position of the substituent is
indicated by a number. eg
CH3CH2CHBrCH(CH3)CH2COH ( 4-Bromo-3-methylhexanal)
CH3CH2CHCHCOH (2-Pentenal)
Common names of Ketones
-Their common names are formed by naming the two alkyl groups bonded to the
carbonyl group. Eg CH3CH2COCH3 (Methyl ethyl ketone)
CH2BrCH2COCH(CH3)CH3 (β-Bromoethylisopropyl ketone)
IUPAC naming of Ketones
-The largest chain carrying the carbonyl group is considered the parent structure.
-The name is derived by replacing the final –e in the alkane name with –one.
, -The position of the substituents are indicated by numbers, the carbonyl C being
given the lowest possible number. eg
CH3COCH2CH3 (2-Butanone) C6H5COCH2CH3 (1-Phenyl-1-propanone)
C6H5COC6H5 (Diphenylmethanone or Benzophenone)
Phsical properties
-They have higher Bpts than HCs and Ethers of similar molecular weight because of
dipole-dipole attraction between the molecules of ketones and aldehydes.
-They have lower Bpts than those of alcohols of similar molecular weight because
they have no OH or NH bonds (Hydrogen bonds) ie they cannot form H-bond with
each other.
-The lower aldehydes and ketones are appreciably soluble in water. Borderline
solubility is reached at about 4Cs due to the H-bonding between solutes and solvent
molecules.
-They are soluble in organic solvents.
(or H for Aldehydes)
R'
O
O H H
R
H-Bonding
Methods of preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
1) Oxidation
Year 3 Semester 1, Course Description
Department CHEMISTRY
Course Code: CHEM 212
3.1 Course Title Organic Chemistry II
Credit Factors (CFs) 3.5
Prerequisite(s) CHEM 122
3.2 Purpose of the To equip the learner with knowledge on the chemistry of carbonyl
course compounds, and carboxylic acids
3.3 Expected Learning By the end of the course, the learner should be able to:
Outcomes 1. Explain the chemistry of carbonyl compounds
2. Describe major synthetic methods in chemistry of carbonyl
compounds
3. Explain chemistry of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
3.4 Course Content Carbonyl Compounds: Carboxylic Acids, Aldehydes, Ketones and Acyl
Groups. Nomenclature: Oxidation and Reduction: General Features,
Oxidation States of Organic Compounds. Structure and Reactivity of
Groups with C=O: Bonding and Structure, Reactivity and Selectivity of
C=O Groups. C=O Influence on Reactivity of Neighboring Atoms: Acidity
of Carboxylic Acids, Acidity of Hydrogens on α-Carbons. physical
properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic
acids, with their structures; •explain the mechanism of a few selected
reactions of aldehydes and ketones; understand various factors
affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions; describe the
uses of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
3.5 Mode of delivery Lectures, Laboratory Practicals, Class discussions, Reading research
3.6 Instructional Whiteboard markers, Textbooks, Flip Charts, Laptops, Projectors
Material and/or Practical manuals.
Equipment
3.7 Course Assessment Type of Assessment Weighting
1. C.A.T 15%
2. Assignment 5%
3. Practicals 10%
4. Examination 70%
Total Scores 100%
3.8 Core Reading Ansyln, E. & Dougherty A. (2016). Modern Organic Chemistry,
materials for the Course University Science Books
, 3.9 Recommended 1. Michael B. Smith, Jerry March (2007): March's Advanced
Reference Materials Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. John
Wiley & Sons
2. Wade L.G, Jr (2006). Organic Chemistry. 6th Ed. Pearson
Education
3. Francis A. Carey (2000). Organic Chemistry. 4th Ed. McGraw-
Hill, New York,
4. Morrison, R.T. Boyd, R. N. (2002): Organic Chemistry, 6th Ed.
Prentice Hall
5. McMurray, J. (2009): Organic chemistry, Volume I, Cengage
Learning, USA.
CHEM 212: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
O
Carbonyl compounds R Z
-Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms or alkyl/aryl group bonded
to the carbonyl group (Aldehydes and Ketones).
O O
R H R R'
Aldehydes Ketones
-An aldehyde has at least one H atom bonded to the Carbonyl group.
-A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group.
-Compounds that contain an electronegative atom bonded to the carbonyl group
(Carboxylic acids and their derivatives).
O O O O
R OH R Cl R OR' R NR2R2
Carboxylic acid Acid chloride Ester Amide
,-Each of these compounds contains an electronegative atom Cl, O or N) capable of
acting as a leaving group.
Nomenclature of Aldehydes
-Common names of aldehydes are derived from common names of carboxylic acids.
The Greek letters are used with common names of aldehydes to give the locations
of substituents. Alpha is given to the carbon atom next to the carbonyl group. Eg
Carboxylic acid Aldehyde
HCOOH (Formic acid) HCHO (Formaldehyde)
CH3CH2COOH (Acetic acid) CH3CH2CHO (Acetaldehyde)
C6H5COOH (Benzoic acid) C6H5CHO (Benzaldehyde)
Others
CH3CHBrCH2COH (β-Bromobutylaldehyde)
CH3CH2CHBrCOH (α-Bromobutylaldehyde)
IUPAC naming of Aldehydes
-The largest chain carrying the carbonyl group (-CHO) is considered the parent
structure.
-The final –e of the alkene name is replaced with –al.
-The carbonyl C is numbered as position 1 and the position of the substituent is
indicated by a number. eg
CH3CH2CHBrCH(CH3)CH2COH ( 4-Bromo-3-methylhexanal)
CH3CH2CHCHCOH (2-Pentenal)
Common names of Ketones
-Their common names are formed by naming the two alkyl groups bonded to the
carbonyl group. Eg CH3CH2COCH3 (Methyl ethyl ketone)
CH2BrCH2COCH(CH3)CH3 (β-Bromoethylisopropyl ketone)
IUPAC naming of Ketones
-The largest chain carrying the carbonyl group is considered the parent structure.
-The name is derived by replacing the final –e in the alkane name with –one.
, -The position of the substituents are indicated by numbers, the carbonyl C being
given the lowest possible number. eg
CH3COCH2CH3 (2-Butanone) C6H5COCH2CH3 (1-Phenyl-1-propanone)
C6H5COC6H5 (Diphenylmethanone or Benzophenone)
Phsical properties
-They have higher Bpts than HCs and Ethers of similar molecular weight because of
dipole-dipole attraction between the molecules of ketones and aldehydes.
-They have lower Bpts than those of alcohols of similar molecular weight because
they have no OH or NH bonds (Hydrogen bonds) ie they cannot form H-bond with
each other.
-The lower aldehydes and ketones are appreciably soluble in water. Borderline
solubility is reached at about 4Cs due to the H-bonding between solutes and solvent
molecules.
-They are soluble in organic solvents.
(or H for Aldehydes)
R'
O
O H H
R
H-Bonding
Methods of preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
1) Oxidation
