NUR 2474 Pharmacology Exam 2
1. How long do statins take to start working?
Answer
2-4 weeks to start seeing affects
2. What time of day should a patient take statins?
Answer
evening on an empty stomach is best
3. dietary restrictions with statins?
Answer
avoid grapefruit-can increase risk of rhabdomyolysis
4. What do we want our ratio for cholesterol to be 3.1 LDL HDL 2.1 is more ideal, when it is
6.1 or 5.1 is when we start to medicate
5. how does cholestyramine work?
Answer
for elevated cholesterol.
It is a bile sequestrant (bile is made with cholesterol), so it binds to bile acids
and prevents them from being reabsorbed/reused and accelerates their excretion. Therefore liver
needs to make more using LDLs-the liver increases number of LDL receptors, increasing the
LDL uptake (which decreases LDL plasma levels)
6. What other labs will be needed when taking statins/HMG-COA inhibitors
Answer
-
besides cholesterol and triglycerides, liver enzymes must me checked.
7. what can happen if patient takes cholestyramine without dilution?
,Answer
it is like a cement and can lead to erosion in throat or GI tract.
must mix with 4 oz of fluid/soup/applesauce 8 oz is more ideal
8. how are colesevelam and cholestyramine different?
Answer
Cholestyramine can affect absorption of fat soluble vitamins. frequently causes constipation,
abdominal discomfort and bloating
Colesevelam does not affect absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins, minimal effects on other
drugs, better tolerated. Can lower blood sugar-great for type 2 diabetes, but not type 1!
9. What drugs can be used for hyptertension?
Answer
ACE inhibitors CCBs
Beta blockers Diuretics alpha blockers ARBs
DRIs
10. What problems are caused by untreated HTN?
Answer
stroke, heart attack, plaque, kidney injury/problems, heart failure
11. how does plaque form
Answer
HTN causes fissures in arteries, macrophages enter that bind with LDLs, platelets and debris
adhere, plaque grows, impedes blood flow
12. How is dilutional hyponatremia different from diuretic induced hypona- tremia
Answer
Dilutional hyponatremia= too much water (diluted), so sodium is low
Diuretic induced hyponatremia= the diuretic causes sodium and water loss, too much sodium
, has been lost. can also be dehydrated.
13. What can dehydration present like?
Answer
poor skin turgor, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, increased thirst
14. What is a common side effect of furosemide (Lasix)
Answer
orthostatic hypotension
15. if a patient's potassium is 2.8 mEq/L, can furosemide be given?
Answer
NO! K+ normal range is 3.5-5, they are too low
furosemide is a loop diuretic-sodium, potassium and water will be excreted.
16. If a patient's potassium level is 5.7 mEq/L, which medication will the nurse hold
Furosemide or Spironolactone?
Answer
Spironolactone, it is a K+ sparing diuretic, their K+ is high
17. if a patient's potassium level is 5.3 mEq/L, can furosemide be given?
Answer
Yes, their potassium level is elevated, furosemide will cause it to lower, which is fine
18. What happens when a patient on furosemide has tinnitus?
Answer
can be a sign of ototoxicity. With furosemide, deafness is transient
with ethacrynic acid (another loop diuretic) hearing loss can be permanent
19. What labs will a patient taking hydrochlorothiazide need?
1. How long do statins take to start working?
Answer
2-4 weeks to start seeing affects
2. What time of day should a patient take statins?
Answer
evening on an empty stomach is best
3. dietary restrictions with statins?
Answer
avoid grapefruit-can increase risk of rhabdomyolysis
4. What do we want our ratio for cholesterol to be 3.1 LDL HDL 2.1 is more ideal, when it is
6.1 or 5.1 is when we start to medicate
5. how does cholestyramine work?
Answer
for elevated cholesterol.
It is a bile sequestrant (bile is made with cholesterol), so it binds to bile acids
and prevents them from being reabsorbed/reused and accelerates their excretion. Therefore liver
needs to make more using LDLs-the liver increases number of LDL receptors, increasing the
LDL uptake (which decreases LDL plasma levels)
6. What other labs will be needed when taking statins/HMG-COA inhibitors
Answer
-
besides cholesterol and triglycerides, liver enzymes must me checked.
7. what can happen if patient takes cholestyramine without dilution?
,Answer
it is like a cement and can lead to erosion in throat or GI tract.
must mix with 4 oz of fluid/soup/applesauce 8 oz is more ideal
8. how are colesevelam and cholestyramine different?
Answer
Cholestyramine can affect absorption of fat soluble vitamins. frequently causes constipation,
abdominal discomfort and bloating
Colesevelam does not affect absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins, minimal effects on other
drugs, better tolerated. Can lower blood sugar-great for type 2 diabetes, but not type 1!
9. What drugs can be used for hyptertension?
Answer
ACE inhibitors CCBs
Beta blockers Diuretics alpha blockers ARBs
DRIs
10. What problems are caused by untreated HTN?
Answer
stroke, heart attack, plaque, kidney injury/problems, heart failure
11. how does plaque form
Answer
HTN causes fissures in arteries, macrophages enter that bind with LDLs, platelets and debris
adhere, plaque grows, impedes blood flow
12. How is dilutional hyponatremia different from diuretic induced hypona- tremia
Answer
Dilutional hyponatremia= too much water (diluted), so sodium is low
Diuretic induced hyponatremia= the diuretic causes sodium and water loss, too much sodium
, has been lost. can also be dehydrated.
13. What can dehydration present like?
Answer
poor skin turgor, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, increased thirst
14. What is a common side effect of furosemide (Lasix)
Answer
orthostatic hypotension
15. if a patient's potassium is 2.8 mEq/L, can furosemide be given?
Answer
NO! K+ normal range is 3.5-5, they are too low
furosemide is a loop diuretic-sodium, potassium and water will be excreted.
16. If a patient's potassium level is 5.7 mEq/L, which medication will the nurse hold
Furosemide or Spironolactone?
Answer
Spironolactone, it is a K+ sparing diuretic, their K+ is high
17. if a patient's potassium level is 5.3 mEq/L, can furosemide be given?
Answer
Yes, their potassium level is elevated, furosemide will cause it to lower, which is fine
18. What happens when a patient on furosemide has tinnitus?
Answer
can be a sign of ototoxicity. With furosemide, deafness is transient
with ethacrynic acid (another loop diuretic) hearing loss can be permanent
19. What labs will a patient taking hydrochlorothiazide need?
