SOC 362 Exam 2 | Questions and Answers

SOC 362 Exam 2 | Questions and Answers Papachristos and Kirk (2006) suggested that social disorganization theory predicted gang but not non-gang homicides because the neighborhoods where gangs flourished were probably different from the places where non-gang violence developed. True Peterson and Panfil (2017)'s foundation for a developmental theory of female gang membership highlights the need for understanding of females' gendered experiences of gang involvement as distinct from males'. True Discordant findings about the effects of key social disorganization variables on gang and non-gang violence have been attributed to all of the following EXCEPT ______ Different areas use different definitions for gang activity In Loeber and colleagues' (2010) pathways model, all youth starting in the authority-conflict pathway will subsequently enter the covert pathway. False Loeber and Farrington (2001)'s research finds that ______ of child delinquents become serious, chronic, and violent offenders. Less than half Which of the following "female-specific" gang interventions is affiliated with a law enforcement agency? FIT (Female Intervention Team) Referring to victimization, Valdez's (2007) term "beyond risk" is another way of saying ______. Extreme Risk Which of the following is NOT a "gender-neutral" gang intervention service? Movimiento Ascendenica Research on the school entry stage of the developmental theoretical model implies that which of the following influences exerts the most significant impact on subsequent delinquency? Parents It is uncommon for girls' violent acts to involve ______. Firearms Risk factors refer to conditions that potentially serve as antecedents to joining a gang. True Modern studies on girls in gangs that followed Moore's (1978, 1991) landmark studies largely used longitudinal study designs. True In general, the proliferation of drug trafficking follows in areas with ______. Fewer employed individuals (WRONG) Maybe: a history of early-onset gang activity Of all social disorganization variables, Pyrooz and colleagues (2010) found ______ to have the MOST impact on gang membership rates in their study of 100 cities in the United States. Population Heterogeneity Which of the following is an implication of Loeber and colleagues' (1997, 1999) pathways model? It provides detailed, visual support for the age-crime curve. Which of the following is an example of "minor concealed behavior" in the covert pathway of Loeber and colleagues' (1997, 1999) pathways model? Stealing from a convenience store Contemporary research has confirmed Thrasher's (1927) assertions that joining gangs is a natural process. False Papachristos and Kirk (2006) suggest that social disorganization theory predicted gang homicides but not other kinds of homicides because ______. Neighborhoods where general violence and gang violence are high are not necessarily the same ______ is a common variable used for testing gang involvement and delinquency among researchers who employ a developmental pathway model. Gang fighting Moore's study of gangs in Los Angeles implies the activities of female gang members ______. Became more similar to the activities of male gang members over time According to their interactional theory, which of the following interventions would Thornberry and Krohn be likely to support? Holistic support services to the youth and family Immigration patterns were largely responsible for the erosion of social control in the first stage of U.S. gang development. True In Thornberry and colleagues' developmental model of delinquency and gang involvement, delinquency is first expected during what stage? Later childhood Social disorganization theory is equally applicable to cities of all sizes. False Which of the following refers to an alternative to residential treatment, incarceration, or hospitalization for adolescents who have problems with chronic antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency? MTFC (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care) According to the text, which of the following is NOT an attraction for joining a gang? Professional Development Which of the following macro-structural phenomena led many young men to turn to drug trafficking beginning in the late 1970s and into the early 1980s? mass incarceration Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of gang development in the United States? The development of transnational gangs Which of the following female-specific programs starts serving girls at the earliest age? SNAP Program Some characteristics of modern-day schools, including zero-tolerance policies, may increase gang activity in schools by eroding student-teacher bonds. True Coverage during the first media crime wave largely characterized female criminals as ethnic and racial minorities. False Which of the following phenomena described in the five stages of gang development supports Thrasher's (1927, 2000) contextualization argument? Multiple Marginality Which of the following is NOT a reason developmental theories have been widely accepted as explanations for delinquent careers and gang activity? They explain the role of neighborhood structure in producing local gangs. Ebensen and colleagues (1999) found that gangs with female members were slightly more organized than gangs without female members. True All of the following are components of collective efficacy EXCEPT ______. It decreases informal social control within a community