Contents
From Molecule to Mind – IBS voorkennis ............................................................................................... 2
Neuroanatomy 1: Functional neuroanatomy ........................................................................................ 10
Neuroanatomy 2: Skull, Meninges, Vasculature .................................................................................... 14
Neuroanatomy 3: Cranial nerves and brainstem................................................................................... 21
Neuroanatomy 4: Spinal cord and nervous systems ............................................................................. 25
Neuroanatomy 5: Cortex, motor systems, thalamus............................................................................. 31
Neuroanatomy 6: Basal ganglia ............................................................................................................. 38
Neuroanatomy 7: Cerebellum ............................................................................................................... 38
Neuroanatomy 8: limbic system ............................................................................................................ 39
Neuroanatomy 9: amygdala .................................................................................................................. 40
SynBio 1: Synapse probability................................................................................................................ 41
Synbio 2: Intracellular Compartments and Transport ........................................................................... 42
Synbio 3: Intracellular signaling ............................................................................................................. 47
Synbio 4: cytoskeleton ........................................................................................................................... 53
Synbio 5: synapses ................................................................................................................................. 55
Synbio 6: LTP and LTD ............................................................................................................................ 59
Synbio 7: synaptic plasticity................................................................................................................... 61
Synbio 8: Neurotransmitters ................................................................................................................. 65
Neurophysiology 1: Ion channels .......................................................................................................... 70
Neurophysiology 2: Membrane potential ............................................................................................. 73
Neurophysiology 3: Action potential ..................................................................................................... 75
Neurophysiology 4: Propagation ........................................................................................................... 77
Neurophysiology 5: Cortical function .................................................................................................... 77
Neurophysiology 6: optogenetics .......................................................................................................... 80
Neurophysiology 7: Cognitive map and memory .................................................................................. 83
Neurophysiology 8: The synaptic vesicle cycle ...................................................................................... 85
Model organisms 1: C. elegans .............................................................................................................. 87
Model organisms 2: yeast...................................................................................................................... 90
Model organisms 3: Drosophila ............................................................................................................. 91
Model organisms 4: mice ...................................................................................................................... 92
Paper: Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP ................................................................................... 94
Paper: Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall .................... 98
,From Molecule to Mind – IBS voorkennis
Central nervous system: Spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system: all other nervous tracks
Somatic nervous system: controlling the body (sensory organs, skeletal muscles, joints, skin).
• Produces movements, SNS transmits incoming sensory information (vision, hearing, pain,
temperature, touch, position + movement of body parts) to CNS
• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system: ANS innervates body’s internal organs (heart, blood vessels, lungs,
airways, intestines…)
• Sympathetic division: fight or flight
• Parasympathetic division: rest and digest
The nervous system arises from one of the three basic germ layers: the ectoderm.
The ectoderm folds inward to create the neural tube
The central nervous system arises from the neural tube
The peripheral nervous system arises from the neural crest cells
,CNS (three-part structure) originates from a tube
• Forebrain = prosencephalon
• Midbrain = mesencephalon
• Hindbrain = rhombencephalon
Newer levels partly replicating work of older more primitive ones
Each region adds different dimension to behavior
, Gray matter: Color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
White matter: Color from axons covered in insulating layers of glial cells (myeline)
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the choroid plexus
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)
• Cerebral cortex: Wrinkled for more surface area
o folds = gyrus, grooves = sulcus (shallow) and fissure (large)
o Different regions for different functions
o Lobes have primary regions + association cortices
o Frontal lobe (motor functions, planning, reasoning, impulse control)
• Basal ganglia: Collection of nuclei below cortex. Role in control and coordination of
movement patterns
From Molecule to Mind – IBS voorkennis ............................................................................................... 2
Neuroanatomy 1: Functional neuroanatomy ........................................................................................ 10
Neuroanatomy 2: Skull, Meninges, Vasculature .................................................................................... 14
Neuroanatomy 3: Cranial nerves and brainstem................................................................................... 21
Neuroanatomy 4: Spinal cord and nervous systems ............................................................................. 25
Neuroanatomy 5: Cortex, motor systems, thalamus............................................................................. 31
Neuroanatomy 6: Basal ganglia ............................................................................................................. 38
Neuroanatomy 7: Cerebellum ............................................................................................................... 38
Neuroanatomy 8: limbic system ............................................................................................................ 39
Neuroanatomy 9: amygdala .................................................................................................................. 40
SynBio 1: Synapse probability................................................................................................................ 41
Synbio 2: Intracellular Compartments and Transport ........................................................................... 42
Synbio 3: Intracellular signaling ............................................................................................................. 47
Synbio 4: cytoskeleton ........................................................................................................................... 53
Synbio 5: synapses ................................................................................................................................. 55
Synbio 6: LTP and LTD ............................................................................................................................ 59
Synbio 7: synaptic plasticity................................................................................................................... 61
Synbio 8: Neurotransmitters ................................................................................................................. 65
Neurophysiology 1: Ion channels .......................................................................................................... 70
Neurophysiology 2: Membrane potential ............................................................................................. 73
Neurophysiology 3: Action potential ..................................................................................................... 75
Neurophysiology 4: Propagation ........................................................................................................... 77
Neurophysiology 5: Cortical function .................................................................................................... 77
Neurophysiology 6: optogenetics .......................................................................................................... 80
Neurophysiology 7: Cognitive map and memory .................................................................................. 83
Neurophysiology 8: The synaptic vesicle cycle ...................................................................................... 85
Model organisms 1: C. elegans .............................................................................................................. 87
Model organisms 2: yeast...................................................................................................................... 90
Model organisms 3: Drosophila ............................................................................................................. 91
Model organisms 4: mice ...................................................................................................................... 92
Paper: Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP ................................................................................... 94
Paper: Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall .................... 98
,From Molecule to Mind – IBS voorkennis
Central nervous system: Spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system: all other nervous tracks
Somatic nervous system: controlling the body (sensory organs, skeletal muscles, joints, skin).
• Produces movements, SNS transmits incoming sensory information (vision, hearing, pain,
temperature, touch, position + movement of body parts) to CNS
• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system: ANS innervates body’s internal organs (heart, blood vessels, lungs,
airways, intestines…)
• Sympathetic division: fight or flight
• Parasympathetic division: rest and digest
The nervous system arises from one of the three basic germ layers: the ectoderm.
The ectoderm folds inward to create the neural tube
The central nervous system arises from the neural tube
The peripheral nervous system arises from the neural crest cells
,CNS (three-part structure) originates from a tube
• Forebrain = prosencephalon
• Midbrain = mesencephalon
• Hindbrain = rhombencephalon
Newer levels partly replicating work of older more primitive ones
Each region adds different dimension to behavior
, Gray matter: Color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
White matter: Color from axons covered in insulating layers of glial cells (myeline)
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the choroid plexus
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)
• Cerebral cortex: Wrinkled for more surface area
o folds = gyrus, grooves = sulcus (shallow) and fissure (large)
o Different regions for different functions
o Lobes have primary regions + association cortices
o Frontal lobe (motor functions, planning, reasoning, impulse control)
• Basal ganglia: Collection of nuclei below cortex. Role in control and coordination of
movement patterns
