Microbiology - BIO 250 Exam Questions with Complete Answers Latest Update 2024
Microbiology - Answers study of microbes
List groups of organisms studied in microbiology: - Answers bacteria, fungus, algae/protists, viruses,
helminthes
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells: - Answers Prokaryotic
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic
-true nucleus
-has membrane bound organelles
Animalae - Answers are not green, move
Evolution of microbial life on earth: - Answers No oxygen in early earthly era, bacteria have been around
as dominant life forms for a long time (3.5 billion years ago), Endosymbiosis
Coccus - Answers circular shapes
baccilus - Answers rod shaped
spirillum - Answers mutliple bends, appears spiral shaped
diplo - Answers twos
strepto - Answers chains
staphylo - Answers clusters
cytoplasm - Answers contains ribosomes, DNA - mixture of water, nutrients, proteins
nucleoid - Answers acts as nucleus - contains DNA, RNA, proteins
inclusion bodies - Answers granules for storage of extra carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus - energy sources
endospores - Answers DNA surrounded by proteins that protects central core of bacteria, protects
bacteria: resistant to heat, dessication, and chemicals
cytoskeleton - Answers protein filaments assist with cell growth and division - binary fission
plasma membrane - Answers phospholipid bilayer with polar heads and hydrophilic tails
, facilitated diffusion - Answers protein helps move molecules from higher concentration to lower
concentration
simple diffusion - Answers moves molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration naturally,
no energy
osmosis - Answers movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
plantae - Answers do not move, green
protists - Answers everything that does not fit into animalae and plantae
active transport - Answers requires energy, ATP, uses proteins to move molecules
co transport - Answers two or more substances moved by transporter
-symport
-antiport
gram-positive - Answers thick peptidoglycan layer - cell wall;
teichoic and lipteichoic acid found in wall
gram-negative - Answers thin peptidoglycan layer - cell wall;
outer membrane also, second cell membrane
LPS & LOS
surfactants - Answers disrupt membranes and selective permeability is lost (detergents, soaps, alcohols)
- affect gram-neg more
lysozome - Answers produced by us, enzyme that breaks bonds between sugars in backbone of
peptidoglycan (cell wall) - attacks NAG and NAM
lysostaphin - Answers enzyme that breaks down staph
antimicrobial drugs - Answers produced using microorganisms, to inhibit growth of other microbes
B-Lactams - Answers binds with enzyme in bacteria - breaks down linkage between NAG and NAMs
B-Lactamases - Answers Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave β-lactams;
This enzyme cleaves/breaks down the beta lactams which allows the bacteria to become resistant to the
drug
Penicillins - Answers Narrow spectrum,
Microbiology - Answers study of microbes
List groups of organisms studied in microbiology: - Answers bacteria, fungus, algae/protists, viruses,
helminthes
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells: - Answers Prokaryotic
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic
-true nucleus
-has membrane bound organelles
Animalae - Answers are not green, move
Evolution of microbial life on earth: - Answers No oxygen in early earthly era, bacteria have been around
as dominant life forms for a long time (3.5 billion years ago), Endosymbiosis
Coccus - Answers circular shapes
baccilus - Answers rod shaped
spirillum - Answers mutliple bends, appears spiral shaped
diplo - Answers twos
strepto - Answers chains
staphylo - Answers clusters
cytoplasm - Answers contains ribosomes, DNA - mixture of water, nutrients, proteins
nucleoid - Answers acts as nucleus - contains DNA, RNA, proteins
inclusion bodies - Answers granules for storage of extra carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus - energy sources
endospores - Answers DNA surrounded by proteins that protects central core of bacteria, protects
bacteria: resistant to heat, dessication, and chemicals
cytoskeleton - Answers protein filaments assist with cell growth and division - binary fission
plasma membrane - Answers phospholipid bilayer with polar heads and hydrophilic tails
, facilitated diffusion - Answers protein helps move molecules from higher concentration to lower
concentration
simple diffusion - Answers moves molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration naturally,
no energy
osmosis - Answers movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
plantae - Answers do not move, green
protists - Answers everything that does not fit into animalae and plantae
active transport - Answers requires energy, ATP, uses proteins to move molecules
co transport - Answers two or more substances moved by transporter
-symport
-antiport
gram-positive - Answers thick peptidoglycan layer - cell wall;
teichoic and lipteichoic acid found in wall
gram-negative - Answers thin peptidoglycan layer - cell wall;
outer membrane also, second cell membrane
LPS & LOS
surfactants - Answers disrupt membranes and selective permeability is lost (detergents, soaps, alcohols)
- affect gram-neg more
lysozome - Answers produced by us, enzyme that breaks bonds between sugars in backbone of
peptidoglycan (cell wall) - attacks NAG and NAM
lysostaphin - Answers enzyme that breaks down staph
antimicrobial drugs - Answers produced using microorganisms, to inhibit growth of other microbes
B-Lactams - Answers binds with enzyme in bacteria - breaks down linkage between NAG and NAMs
B-Lactamases - Answers Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave β-lactams;
This enzyme cleaves/breaks down the beta lactams which allows the bacteria to become resistant to the
drug
Penicillins - Answers Narrow spectrum,
