BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM EXPECTED
QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS
What are three main points are glycogen
1. storage of glucose
2. glucose molecules attach to each other when in this
form
3. this is the preferred source to maintain blood [glucose] -
as it is made up of glucose
What is degradation of glycogen to glucose-1-
phosphate
breakdown
What is synthesis of glycogen to glucose-1-
phoshphate
converting glucose to glycogen to be stored until required
When glucose-1-phosphate is going to glucose-6-
phosphate, what is happening
it is a conversion, and is the movement of the phosphate
group
What is glycolysis
the breaking down of glucose and generates energy
Is the reaction from pyruvate -> acetyl CoA reversible
or irreversible?
Irreversible
Can acetyl CoA be used to make glucose
no
,what are two points are fatty acids
1. cannot be used as a source to make glucose only to
make acetyl CoA
2. storages fats which can be used to make ATP is
glucose is not present
What is GLUT1
a glucose transport enzyme to get glucose into the cell
what is happening to 2 Lactate
it is being transported out of the cell
what is happening to the 2H+
the protons are being transported out the cell
what is GLUT3
glucose transporter enzyme to get glucose into the cell
what is glucose-6-phosphate
attaches phosphate to original glucose
What does pyruvate dehydrogenase release
CO2
What does the TCA cycle do
makes lots of reducing equivalents which help to make
ATP
Can the skeletal muscle use anaerobic or aerobic
conditions
It can used both
Can the heart muscle use anaerobic or aerobic
conditions
Only aerobic conditions
Why does glucose-6-phosphate get converted into
glycogen
This is because skeletal muscle can store glucose as
glycogen
,Why is glycogen present
This is because it is required for muscle movement
Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate anaerobic or
aerobic
anaerobic, meaning no oxygen is required
What does lactate do to muscles
it is the reason they get sore
Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA anaerobic
or aerobic
aerobic, meaning requires oxygen
What is hexokinase
an enzyme which attaches a phosphate group to the
original glucose, creating the glucose molecule to be
trapped in the cell
What does VLDL mean
very low density lipoprotein
What does low affinity to glucose mean
it does not bind well to glucose but instead releases
glucose
What glucose metabolism is in red blood cells
anaerobic glycolysis
What glucose metabolism is in the brain
aerobic metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism
What glucose metabolism is in muscles
aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
What glucose metabolism is in the liver
a large array of metabolic pathways
What are the two main reasons that gluconeogenesis
occurs
, 1. 24 hour fasting (skipping breakfast)
2. Intense exercise
What is gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as
amino acids, lactate/pyruvate, propionate, glycerol
Why is gluconeogenesis essential
For survival in animals to maintain blood [glucose] to
support metabolism in the brain, RBC, kidney, leans,
cornea, testis
How is gluconeogenesis regulated
An enzyme used to bypass the irreversible reactions of
glycolysis are involved in regulation
How if gluconeogenesis activated
Largely by the inhibition of glycolysis
How many enzymes are involved in to replace the
irreversible reactions of glycolysis
Four different types
Is ATP required for gluconeogenesis
Yes, lots of ATP is required, and can only occur when fatty
acids (source of energy to enable the liver to do
gluconeogenesis) are being broken down
How many ATP per glucose molecules are required in
gluconeogenesis
6 x ATP per glucose
During bypass 1 : Conversion of pyruvate to
phosphoenolpyruvate, where does the pyruvate
carboxylase occur
Occurs in the mitochondria
QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS
What are three main points are glycogen
1. storage of glucose
2. glucose molecules attach to each other when in this
form
3. this is the preferred source to maintain blood [glucose] -
as it is made up of glucose
What is degradation of glycogen to glucose-1-
phosphate
breakdown
What is synthesis of glycogen to glucose-1-
phoshphate
converting glucose to glycogen to be stored until required
When glucose-1-phosphate is going to glucose-6-
phosphate, what is happening
it is a conversion, and is the movement of the phosphate
group
What is glycolysis
the breaking down of glucose and generates energy
Is the reaction from pyruvate -> acetyl CoA reversible
or irreversible?
Irreversible
Can acetyl CoA be used to make glucose
no
,what are two points are fatty acids
1. cannot be used as a source to make glucose only to
make acetyl CoA
2. storages fats which can be used to make ATP is
glucose is not present
What is GLUT1
a glucose transport enzyme to get glucose into the cell
what is happening to 2 Lactate
it is being transported out of the cell
what is happening to the 2H+
the protons are being transported out the cell
what is GLUT3
glucose transporter enzyme to get glucose into the cell
what is glucose-6-phosphate
attaches phosphate to original glucose
What does pyruvate dehydrogenase release
CO2
What does the TCA cycle do
makes lots of reducing equivalents which help to make
ATP
Can the skeletal muscle use anaerobic or aerobic
conditions
It can used both
Can the heart muscle use anaerobic or aerobic
conditions
Only aerobic conditions
Why does glucose-6-phosphate get converted into
glycogen
This is because skeletal muscle can store glucose as
glycogen
,Why is glycogen present
This is because it is required for muscle movement
Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactate anaerobic or
aerobic
anaerobic, meaning no oxygen is required
What does lactate do to muscles
it is the reason they get sore
Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA anaerobic
or aerobic
aerobic, meaning requires oxygen
What is hexokinase
an enzyme which attaches a phosphate group to the
original glucose, creating the glucose molecule to be
trapped in the cell
What does VLDL mean
very low density lipoprotein
What does low affinity to glucose mean
it does not bind well to glucose but instead releases
glucose
What glucose metabolism is in red blood cells
anaerobic glycolysis
What glucose metabolism is in the brain
aerobic metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism
What glucose metabolism is in muscles
aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
What glucose metabolism is in the liver
a large array of metabolic pathways
What are the two main reasons that gluconeogenesis
occurs
, 1. 24 hour fasting (skipping breakfast)
2. Intense exercise
What is gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as
amino acids, lactate/pyruvate, propionate, glycerol
Why is gluconeogenesis essential
For survival in animals to maintain blood [glucose] to
support metabolism in the brain, RBC, kidney, leans,
cornea, testis
How is gluconeogenesis regulated
An enzyme used to bypass the irreversible reactions of
glycolysis are involved in regulation
How if gluconeogenesis activated
Largely by the inhibition of glycolysis
How many enzymes are involved in to replace the
irreversible reactions of glycolysis
Four different types
Is ATP required for gluconeogenesis
Yes, lots of ATP is required, and can only occur when fatty
acids (source of energy to enable the liver to do
gluconeogenesis) are being broken down
How many ATP per glucose molecules are required in
gluconeogenesis
6 x ATP per glucose
During bypass 1 : Conversion of pyruvate to
phosphoenolpyruvate, where does the pyruvate
carboxylase occur
Occurs in the mitochondria
