WGU D311 Microbiology 2024 study for OA

What is a characteristic of rhizospheres? - answer-The rhizosphere is where plants release organic compounds that can be metabolized by microbes into soil. Which environment would contain microbes that are psychrophilic? - answer-Glaciers What is the role of nematodes in soil? - answer-They photosynthesize and fix nitrogen. Which eukaryote is responsible for producing antibiotics to ward off bacterial competitors? - answer-Fungi Which symbiotic relationship is an example of mutualism? - answer-The relationship between humans and the Escherichia coli colonizing the human gut Which type of symbiotic relationship exists between the Escherichia coli (E. coli) that inhabit the human gut and the humans who utilize the vitamin K produced by E. coli? - answer-Mutualism Which description of resident microbiota is true? - answer-Resident microbiota constantly live on the human body. Which relationship is exhibited by intestinal Escherichia coli and their human host? - answer-Mutualism Which type of disease is transmitted from animals to humans? - answer-Zoonotic diseases Which type of disease is acquired in hospital settings? - answer-Nosocomial diseases Which portal of exit can expel the most viral particles? - answer-Respiratory Which type of disease is sickle cell anemia? - answer-Noninfectious Which type of transmission occurs when tuberculosis is spread through small particles expelled by a cough? - answer-Droplet transmission Which type of transmission occurs when pathogens are spread from mother to child during breastfeeding? - answer-Vertical direct contact transmission Which type of transmission occurs when an arthropod carries a viral pathogen inside of its body? - answer-Biological vector transmission Which type of transmission occurs through contact with a fomite? - answer-Indirect contact transmission Which infected host would be considered a passive carrier? - answer-A healthcare professional who does not wash their hands after seeing an infected patient How is Giardia lamblia, the causative agent of giardiasis, transmitted? - answer-Contaminated food or water Which organism is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii? - answer-Birds Which disease is transmitted by animals but not arthropods? - answer-Rabies How can adhesins be described? - answer-Adhesins found on the surface of pathogens bind to receptors of host cells. Which description indicates a portal of entry? - answer-Body features through which pathogens can enter host tissue Pathogens produce proteins to prevent the fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome (phagolysosome).Why does this virulence factor facilitate invasion? - answer-It prevents the exposure of pathogens to lethal digestive enzymes. Which action refers to a secondary infection? - answer-An infection by one pathogen enables another pathogen to cause an infection. What differentiates signs from symptoms of disease? - answer-Signs are measurable; symptoms are subjective. Which procedure does a clinician use to measure a symptom? - answer-Asking patients to rate pain on a numerical scale During which stage of an infection does a patient feel the worst? - answer-The period of illness stage What defines the end of the incubation period for an infectious disease? - answer-The appearance of nonspecific signs or symptoms of disease How does the epidermis help prevent infection and disease? - answer-It provides a harsh environment for most pathogens and periodically sheds How does the complement system contribute to the innate immune response? - answer-It is composed of proteins that can be activated by the presence of pathogens to form the membrane attack complex (MAC). Why are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) considered an innate immune function? - answer-AMPs are produced both routinely and as a response to pathogens. Which terms refer to monocytes when they differentiate into tissue-specific phagocytes? - answer-Macrophages and dendritic cells What is specifically being reported if the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports 10,000 new cases of COVID-19? - answer-Incidence What is the difference between prevalence and incidence? - answer-Prevalence refers to the total number of infections; incidence refers only to new cases. Which term refers to a disease that occurs on a worldwide scale at a given time? - answer-Pandemic Why are etiologic agents significant to epidemiologists? - answer-Etiologic agents are the pathogens that cause disease. Which kind of diseases must be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in order to prevent future pandemics? - answer-Notifiable diseases How does the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) obtain the latest data on typical illnesses to publish in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)? - answer-Through mandatory reporting of notifiable disease cases by healthcare providers What can cause an infectious disease to become a reemerging disease? - answer-The responsible pathogen becomes drug resistant. What does the World Health Organization (WHO) do to prevent future pandemics? - answer-The WHO maintains a global alert and response system from data from multiple countries. A patient taking the antibiotic cephalexin for a urinary tract infection developed severe diarrhea two days after completing the five-day course of treatment. What is an explanation for the development of this patient's diarrhea? - answer-Cephalexin disrupted the normal intestinal microbiome. Store-bought, packaged soil used to promote rapid plant growth was accidentally irradiated, thus killing the bacteria that had been in the soil. Which impact would this have on farmers? - answer-Plants would die due to a lack of absorbable forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. A hospital infection preventionist has instituted a policy to prevent nosocomial infections. Which guideline is an effective component of this policy? - answer-Healthcare personnel must wear personal protective equipment at all times. A family and its dog were hiking and swimming in the woods. Two days later, each family member developed a large bull's-eye lesion on their arm, and the dog became anorexic and lethargic. Which control measure will be helpful to prevent the development of a future infection caused by the same microorganism? - answer-The family immediately checks themselves and the dog for ticks after returning home. A veterinarian diagnoses a dog with a zoonotic bacterial infection. Which precautions should the veterinarian advise for the caretaker? - answer-Wash hands after touching the dog Viral epidemics concern public health department officials because some infected people do not show signs or symptoms of infection, whereas others have prolonged prodromal periods. What should public health officials do to minimize these causes for concern? - answer-Test people who are asymptomatic A contagious respiratory feline virus may reactivate a latent infection months to years after an initial infection. Which implication does this have for the management of cats in animal shelters? - answer-Cats entering the shelter should be isolated from other sheltered cats. Two spouses present to the emergency department because of difficulty swallowing, facial weakness on both sides of the face, and trouble breathing after consumption of spaghetti sauce made from canned tomatoes. The physician is aware of reports of similarly affected patients in nearby communities. What should be the physician's next step after treating these patients? - answer-Contact the state department of public health The varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox) is endemic in the United States. What should physicians do to optimally minimize the risk of disease due to this virus? - answer-Vaccinate those who have not already had chicken pox Miami-Dade County public health officials confirmed transmission of Zika virus by the local Aedes aegypti mosquito, but the virus had been previously transmitted by mosquitoes only in Latin America and South America, where the virus is endemic. What can be done to mitigate the spread of the Zika virus so that it does not become endemic in the United States? - answer-Remove outdoor objects that may accumulate water because they serve as mosquito reservoirs Which factor determines the level of bioburden (microbial level) allowed and, therefore, the microbial controls required for items used in a general healthcare setting? - answer-The application or use of the item Which laboratory biosafety level would be used for managing work with an organism of moderate risk that is native to the local area? - answer-BSL-2 Which microbial control type can be used to completely eliminate all vegetative bacteria, endospores, fungi, and viruses from an inanimate item? - answer-Sterilization Which term describes the area specially created and maintained for performing medical procedures that carry risk from contamination? - answer-Sterile field Which physical method of control works by removing microorganisms from a liquid? - answer-Filtration Which physical method of control is used to denature proteins and alter membranes of microorganisms to prevent spoilage of milk, apple juice, honey, and other ingestible items to reduce microorganism levels? - answer-Pasteurization Which technique will ensure that Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin cannot cause foodborne illness? - answer-Boiling foods for at least 10 minutes prior to eating Which method would be used to sterilize an antibiotic solution? - answer-Membrane filtration Which chemical treatment would be used before a disinfectant to reach a soiled surface? - answer-A surfactant Which class of chemical disinfectant denatures proteins and disrupts membranes? - answer-Phenolics Which chemical is commonly used for hand sanitizers and to degerm a site prior to injections due to its effective destruction of vegetative bacteria by denaturing proteins and its quick-drying properties? - answer-Alcohols Which chemical is effective at killing bacterial endospores with sufficient time and concentration? - answer-Peroxygens Which factor is of particular importance when administering an antibacterial drug to an immunocompromised patient due to the patient's inability to clear infections? - answer-Bactericidal antimicrobial Which antibacterial drug works by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis? - answer-Fluoroquinolones What is showcased when two antibiotics provide bacteriostatic inhibition when taken separately but bactericidal inhibition when combined? - answer-Synergism Which drug class inhibits cell wall biosynthesis? - answer-Penicillins Which antimicrobial agent is effective against a cold sore caused by a herpes infection? - answer-Antivirals Which organism would be affected by an antimicrobial agent that disrupts peptidoglycan synthesis? - answer-Bacteria Which cellular function would be disrupted by an antimicrobial that targets peptidoglycan synthesis? - answer-Cell wall synthesis Which structure is damaged by an antifungal that targets ergosterol synthesis? - answer-The cell membrane Which molecule is responsible for presenting viral antigen to cytotoxic T cells? - answer-Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) correct Which statement correctly describes humoral immunity? - answer-Humoral immunity is mediated by B cell-produced antibodies.