PLEASE STILL BE MINDFUL OF ERRORS, NOT 100% FULL-PROOF
LEC 01 – NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY
● Often refers to outwardly or overtly manifested
1.1 INTRODUCTION activities; but may still refer to those activities
more hidden or covert.
Psychology ● Actions and reactions of individual relative to
● from Greek: psyche (“mind” or “soul”) and environmental stimulus
logos (“study” // or “explanation”) ● Reactions – emotional // response – logical
● Old psychology was also considered as rational (rationalization before decision)
philosophy ● Its meaning is extensive; behaviors may also be
● Scientific study of mental & behavioral categorized into the following types:
processes of humans & animals
➥ Classical conditioning – Ivan Pavlov Overt Behavior Covert Behavior
○ Learner is passive
○ Dog-bell conditioning experiment Observable and Not directly visible
➥ Operant conditioning - Burrhus Frederic manifested outwardly
“B.F.” Skinner
○ Learner is active e.g., walking, playing, e.g., lying, thinking,
writing learning
○ Rat-food experiment
➞ Highest ____ = sensation Conscious Behavior Unconscious Behavior
➞ Humans: (1) intellection & (2) volition/
rationalism acts within the level of acts deeply embedded
○ More participation (operation*) leads to more one’s awareness in one’s
satisfaction subconsciousness/
outside level of
➞ Operation is needed to gain something
awareness
What Psychology… no conscious
recollection of action
is is not
or activity
Based on scientific Not mysterious
e.g., experiencing e.g., experience
investigation
romantic attraction intense hatred
with acute awareness towards a
Systematic & objective Not common sense and its physical near-stranger without
in its observation (one symptoms(?) knowing why
of its methods)
Mannerisms, sleep
Uses measurement to Not a pseudoscience talking, sleepwalking,
establish facts (astrology, or somnambulism
numerology,
phrenology, Simple Behavior Complex Behavior
palmistry)
SI-SOO-MF M-CS-P acts involving only a intricate acts involving
few neurons more number of
1.2 BEHAVIOR & ITS TYPES neurons
Rational Behavior Irrational behavior
Behavior
● (As defined psychologically) Refers to all acts exercised with acts committed for no
actions, activities, reactions, and responses of sanity or reason apparent reason or
the individual as matters of psychological study explanation
, ○ Formulating a reasonable principle and
e.g., expressing one’s e.g., when a man loses
feelings of admiration his sanity and laughs paradigms in explaining behavior
towards a person out loud at nobody or ➥ Predict: enables psychologists to anticipate any
nothing in particular future actions from an individual
○ Based partially on past performance and
Voluntary Behavior Involuntary behavior current state of cognition of involved subject
➥ Control or Influence: involves the alteration of
acts done with full processes within our behavior of an individual
volition or one’s will; body that are
which involves performed regardless ➞ also tied to changes of trait, idea, and
decision-making of our wakefulness beliefs
e.g., when a student behavioral processes
enrolls for a course in that fall under 1.4 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
psychology psychological studies
1.4.1 ANCIENT ERA
Mental Retardation
● Mental deficiency ● Human introspection and curiosity to the self
● Form of disability led to animistic interpretations
● Inheritable; not communicable ● Gods or spirits were attributed the power to
direct or cause human activities and lived
events
● Demonology & exorcism
● Inhuman/brutal treatment towards those
intellectually disabled
● Notes (?)
➥ Mild: 3 Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic ?), 1.4.2 GREEK ERA
4th Grade, self-help skills, household chores
➥ Moderate: Self-help skills & household chores Plato
(no academics) ● Mind or soul is distinct in its own right and is
● In control, the MA of the individual must be God-given
considered as it is a life-long disposition – ● Inhabits body as knower, thinker, and
control such as via SPED determiner of action
● Soul is composed of three parts:
➥ Exerts reason = head
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY
➥ Responsible for our noble impulses = heart
➥ Seat of personal passions = diaphragm
● Aims to deepen the knowledge about human
behavior for the purpose of improving the Aristotle
quality of human existence ● Student of Plato
● As a scientific study, aims to describe, ● Three functions of the soul:
understand, predict, and control human and ➥ Vegetative → basic maintenance of life
animal behavior and mental processes ➥ Appetitive → motives and desires
➥ Describing ➥ Rational → governing function (located in
○ a detailed characterization of phenomena the heart)
can be presented and become a means for ✗ Brain merely performs minor mechanical
further utilization of the study processes as a gland
○ Characteristics of behavior ● Percecption of the external world is the result
➥ Understanding: involves the… of two processes:
○ Organization of facts about behavior ➥ Use of medium (air which fills space) which
○ Development of reasons pertaining with the affects our sense organs
different relationships among observed
behavior
LEC 01 – NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY
● Often refers to outwardly or overtly manifested
1.1 INTRODUCTION activities; but may still refer to those activities
more hidden or covert.
Psychology ● Actions and reactions of individual relative to
● from Greek: psyche (“mind” or “soul”) and environmental stimulus
logos (“study” // or “explanation”) ● Reactions – emotional // response – logical
● Old psychology was also considered as rational (rationalization before decision)
philosophy ● Its meaning is extensive; behaviors may also be
● Scientific study of mental & behavioral categorized into the following types:
processes of humans & animals
➥ Classical conditioning – Ivan Pavlov Overt Behavior Covert Behavior
○ Learner is passive
○ Dog-bell conditioning experiment Observable and Not directly visible
➥ Operant conditioning - Burrhus Frederic manifested outwardly
“B.F.” Skinner
○ Learner is active e.g., walking, playing, e.g., lying, thinking,
writing learning
○ Rat-food experiment
➞ Highest ____ = sensation Conscious Behavior Unconscious Behavior
➞ Humans: (1) intellection & (2) volition/
rationalism acts within the level of acts deeply embedded
○ More participation (operation*) leads to more one’s awareness in one’s
satisfaction subconsciousness/
outside level of
➞ Operation is needed to gain something
awareness
What Psychology… no conscious
recollection of action
is is not
or activity
Based on scientific Not mysterious
e.g., experiencing e.g., experience
investigation
romantic attraction intense hatred
with acute awareness towards a
Systematic & objective Not common sense and its physical near-stranger without
in its observation (one symptoms(?) knowing why
of its methods)
Mannerisms, sleep
Uses measurement to Not a pseudoscience talking, sleepwalking,
establish facts (astrology, or somnambulism
numerology,
phrenology, Simple Behavior Complex Behavior
palmistry)
SI-SOO-MF M-CS-P acts involving only a intricate acts involving
few neurons more number of
1.2 BEHAVIOR & ITS TYPES neurons
Rational Behavior Irrational behavior
Behavior
● (As defined psychologically) Refers to all acts exercised with acts committed for no
actions, activities, reactions, and responses of sanity or reason apparent reason or
the individual as matters of psychological study explanation
, ○ Formulating a reasonable principle and
e.g., expressing one’s e.g., when a man loses
feelings of admiration his sanity and laughs paradigms in explaining behavior
towards a person out loud at nobody or ➥ Predict: enables psychologists to anticipate any
nothing in particular future actions from an individual
○ Based partially on past performance and
Voluntary Behavior Involuntary behavior current state of cognition of involved subject
➥ Control or Influence: involves the alteration of
acts done with full processes within our behavior of an individual
volition or one’s will; body that are
which involves performed regardless ➞ also tied to changes of trait, idea, and
decision-making of our wakefulness beliefs
e.g., when a student behavioral processes
enrolls for a course in that fall under 1.4 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
psychology psychological studies
1.4.1 ANCIENT ERA
Mental Retardation
● Mental deficiency ● Human introspection and curiosity to the self
● Form of disability led to animistic interpretations
● Inheritable; not communicable ● Gods or spirits were attributed the power to
direct or cause human activities and lived
events
● Demonology & exorcism
● Inhuman/brutal treatment towards those
intellectually disabled
● Notes (?)
➥ Mild: 3 Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic ?), 1.4.2 GREEK ERA
4th Grade, self-help skills, household chores
➥ Moderate: Self-help skills & household chores Plato
(no academics) ● Mind or soul is distinct in its own right and is
● In control, the MA of the individual must be God-given
considered as it is a life-long disposition – ● Inhabits body as knower, thinker, and
control such as via SPED determiner of action
● Soul is composed of three parts:
➥ Exerts reason = head
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY
➥ Responsible for our noble impulses = heart
➥ Seat of personal passions = diaphragm
● Aims to deepen the knowledge about human
behavior for the purpose of improving the Aristotle
quality of human existence ● Student of Plato
● As a scientific study, aims to describe, ● Three functions of the soul:
understand, predict, and control human and ➥ Vegetative → basic maintenance of life
animal behavior and mental processes ➥ Appetitive → motives and desires
➥ Describing ➥ Rational → governing function (located in
○ a detailed characterization of phenomena the heart)
can be presented and become a means for ✗ Brain merely performs minor mechanical
further utilization of the study processes as a gland
○ Characteristics of behavior ● Percecption of the external world is the result
➥ Understanding: involves the… of two processes:
○ Organization of facts about behavior ➥ Use of medium (air which fills space) which
○ Development of reasons pertaining with the affects our sense organs
different relationships among observed
behavior
