AP Euro: Renaissance + Reformation

What impact did the Black Death have on the society and economy of Europe? - answer-People abandoned their friends and family, fled cities, and shut themselves off from the world. Funeral rites became perfunctory or stopped altogether, and work ceased being done. Some felt that the wrath of God was descending upon man, and so fought the plague with prayer. Some felt that they should obey the maxim, "Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die." The society experienced an upheaval to an extent usually only seen in controlled circumstances such as carnival. Faith in religion decreased after the plague, both because of the death of so many of the clergy and because of the failure of prayer to prevent sickness and death. The economy underwent abrupt and extreme inflation. Since it was so difficult (and dangerous) to procure goods through trade and to produce them, the prices of both goods produced locally and those imported from afar skyrocketed. Because of illness and death workers became exceedingly scarce, so even peasants felt the effects of the new rise in wages. The demand for people to work the land was so high that it threatened the manorial holdings. Serfs were no longer tied to one master; if one left the land, another lord would instantly hire them. The lords had to make changes in order to make the situation more profitable for the peasants and so keep them on their land. In general, wages outpaced prices and the standard of living was subsequently raised. As a consequence of the beginning of blurring financial distinctions, social distinctions sharpened. The fashions of the nobility became more extravagant in order to emphasize the social standing of the person wearing the clothing. The peasants became slightly more empowered, and revolted when the aristocracy attempted to resist the changes brought about by the plague. In 1358, the peasantry of northern France rioted, and in 1378 di The Great Schism - answer-() Split that occurred in the Catholic Church with two Popes, one in Avignon, France and the other in Rome, Italy. The Schism caused many to question the Church's authority. Purgatory - answer-The state of purification that takes place after death for those who need to be made clean and holy before meeting the all-holy God in Heaven. Myticism - answer-A category of religious experiences characterized by communicating or experiencing oneness with God. Boniface VIII - answer-Pope who was angered by Philip IV's demand that the clergy pay taxes to the national treasury. He wrote a decree called the "Unam Sanctum" which declared his own supremacy over temporal rulers... He began the Great Schism, and said that spiritual authority was superior over secular authority. Dante - answer-() Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is "The Divine Comedy"-- told the soul's journey from hell to heaven. Chaucher - answer-Wrote the Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan - answer-Highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques. Her "The Book of The City of Ladies" and other works spoke out against men's objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women. Giotto - answer-() Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism. His treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body. How and why did the authority and prestige of the papacy decline in the 14th century? - answer-The authority and prestige of the papacy greatly declined in the 14th century when there was a power struggle between the pope and the monarchies. When King Philip IV tried to tax the clergy, a feud started. Pope Boniface VIII believed the papacy should have spiritual influence and taxation privileges. The feud ended with the pope excommunicating the king, forcing him to strike back through kidnapping the pope. The papacy moved to Avignon which angered the people and made them worry as the French influence over the papacy was growing. The people wanted an Italian pope so Pope Urban VI was chosen. The French chose their pope, resulting in 2 popes and thus causing The Great Schism. This caused chaos for catholics. They searched for stability through new reform such as conciliarism. The instability of the papacy as the Great schism went on made the authority and prestige of the papacy decline. How did the adversities of the the 14th century affect urban life and medical practices? - answer-The adversities of the 14th century greatly affected urban life and medical practices as people tried to ward off the plague. To help stop the plague, authorities in the urban towns tried to keep the cities cleaner and organized prostitution. The shorter life spans made men not wait so long to marry. People lived their lives as fully as possible. Women were considered to be the servants of men, few actually worked. Children were educated earlier in their lives and was put in schools. People wanted to stop the plague so they invested in better medicine. Surgeons became more important. Although insufficient against the plague, great strides were taken to better understand the disease. Rennaissance - answer-A time of renewed interest in learning and the arts that lasted from the 14th through 16th centuries. It began in the Italian city-states and spread north to all of Europe. Became an age of recovery from the reckless 14th century (plague/instability). Italians became very interested in Greek + Roman culture, which affected their politics, art, and philosophy. Hanseatic League (Hansa) - answer-An alliance of Northern European trading cities that developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400s-1600s); encompassed the commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube Rivers. They traded grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch. This frequency of trade led to the adoption of credit and banking systems, which made trade possible on a large scale. Commercial partnerships further increased the volume of trade in Europe + impact on class structure of northern Europe made social mobility possible. Baldassare Castiglione - answer-Castiglione () was an Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer. His handbook, The Book of the Courtier, was widely read for its advice on the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that court members should display during the Renaissance. He described an ideal courtier as well-mannered, well-educated, and multitalented. Isabella D' Este - answer-First woman ruler of Mantua, Italy. She gained power after her husband, Francesco Gonzaga, was kidnapped. Being highly educated, history has her known as an intelligent, wise, and powerful woman. She is also known as a patron of the arts and for her persuasive letters/clever negotiations. Machiavelli - answer-Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, and wrote "The Prince", a work on ethics and government describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong. (Politics!!!) Medici Family - answer-Rich banking family in Florence that controlled the government. Patrons of the arts and responsible for commissioning many art and architecture projects. Cosmo de Medici - answer-Italian banker and leader of Florence, he wanted to make Florence the greatest city in the world. His actions helped bring about the Renaissance. Lorenzo de Medici (the Magnificent) - answer-Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (). Piero de Medici - answer-Last Medici ruler of Florence; overthrown by French invasion. What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? - answer-The social structure was inherited from the Middle Ages (Estate system), but experienced adaptions. Nobles increasingly pursued education, and serfdom + the feudal system began to dissipate as a result of a money system. There were large gaps between social groups and an increase in slavery. Affairs were accepted for men and scorned for women due to marriage practices. Family played a big role during the Renaissance as it provided a sense of security. How did Machiavelli's works reflect the political realities of Renaissance Italy? - answer-Machiavelli took a new, realistic approach to politics. He believed it was okay to do bad things for the betterment of oneself or country. These beliefs became common practice among Italian politicians. Humanism - answer-A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements Individualism - answer-The shift towards an emphasis on individuals—recognizing them/celebrating them (and/or recognizing and celebrating yourself). Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents. Secularism (Secular Humanism) - answer-A philosophy that rejects any reference to God or religion and seeks the improvement of human society through purely human means, i.e., science, social organization, and human reason. (An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.) Major Italian City States (Renaissance) - answer-Milan (Sforza) Venice (oligarchy) Florence (Medici) Papal Estates/Rome (papacy) Naples (not as powerful b/c of fighting with French/Spanish) Petrarch - answer-A Tuscan poet from Florence who lived during the early Renaissance. First to separate the "Middle Age" period (and first to say that it was a "dark" time). He also believed he was in a new "golden" age. He played a major role in the revival of classical texts of Latin antiquity due to his passion for these texts. Now he is known as the father of humanism. Girolamo Savonarola - answer-() Dominican Preacher that condemned corruption and excess of Medici family. Medici family ended up turning over control to Savonarola, but people grew tired of his strict regulations on gambling, horses, painting, music etc. Savonarola was accused of heresy and sentenced to death after being excommunicated by the pope. Leonardo Bruni - answer-He was a humanist, and sometimes known as the first modern historian. His most famous work was the History of Florentine People. This book was known as the first modern book because of its three part view of history; antiquity, Middle Ages, and modern. His other book, "The New Cicero", identified "Classical Latin" as well as the foundations of civic humanism. Johannes Gutenberg - answer-German inventor who in *1453*, developed the printing press, which led to an increase in scholarly research and the increase in the public's desire to gain knowledge. Led to greater access of texts which improved education and spread humanism/protestantism. Paper was cheaper than animal skin and easier to print onto. Filippo Brunelleschi - answer-Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence. Leonardo da Vinci - answer-Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). Michelangelo - answer-An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. Raphael - answer-() Italian Renaissance painter who had a short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace. The School of Athens & The Triumph of Religion reflect artist's strong interest in classical antiquity and Christian religion. Northern Renaissance - answer-An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance. Art will also focus more on depicting the illusion of the surface reality of objects versus the Italian Renaissance that will focus more on depicting real illusion of 3 -D space. What was humanism, and what effect did it have on philosophy, education, attitudes toward politics, and the writing of history? - answer-Humanism was the concept of individual self-worth and meaning outside the traditional societal hierarchy. People began to become interested the betterment of themselves through education. They questioned things through philosophy. They became more interested and involved in politics and began to record history that wasn't solely related to religion. What were the chief characteristics of Renaissance art, and how did it differ in Italy and northern Europe? - answer-Renaissance art as a whole was very focused on creating realistic works and works showcasing the human figure. In Italy, artists focused on accuracy, the human form, and technical skills. Northern artists focused on details, emotion, and religious/devotional art. New Monarchies (15th century) - answer-Monarchies that emerged and differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions. (France, England, Spain) War of the Roses - answer-() A bloody civil war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Court o