NUR 641E Midterm Exam Study Guide |Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
Graded A+
Prodrug - ANSWER An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active
metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - ANSWER the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed
and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - ANSWER stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - ANSWER the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
does not - ANSWER bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - ANSWER relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - ANSWER -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as
bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III
and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - ANSWER -directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption,
unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - ANSWER -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - ANSWER -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene glycol (simple
diffusion)
SQ - ANSWER -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ID - ANSWER -diagnostic determination and allergy sensitivity
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
Graded A+
Prodrug - ANSWER An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active
metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - ANSWER the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed
and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - ANSWER stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - ANSWER the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
does not - ANSWER bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - ANSWER relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - ANSWER -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as
bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors
(ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III
and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - ANSWER -directly into systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption,
unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - ANSWER -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - ANSWER -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene glycol (simple
diffusion)
SQ - ANSWER -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ID - ANSWER -diagnostic determination and allergy sensitivity
