ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SCIE108
• Adrenal glands handle danger
• The endocrine system delivers
and excitement.
chemicals called hormones.
➢ They produce adrenaline, a
• Endocrine glands release powerful hormone.
hormones directly into the
bloodstream, without the use of
ducts.
• Produces insulin (lowers blood
➢ Hormones regulate processes in the glucose) and glucagon (raises
body. blood glucose).
➢ They ensure hormones reach their
destination on schedule.
• Ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone.
• Each gland produces different hormones.
• Testes produce androgens (e.g.,
testosterone).
• The hypothalamus produces
hormones that regulate the pituitary
gland.
• The pituitary gland (anterior and
posterior) is the "master gland" that secretes
hormones like growth hormone • Hormones can be classified based on their
chemical structure, such as amino acid-derived,
polypeptide, or lipid-derived (e.g., steroids).
• Secretes melatonin, which helps regulate • Hormones bind to specific receptors on target
the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). cells, triggering a response.
• Hormones act as chemical signals, traveling
through the bloodstream to reach target cells.
• The thyroid regulates metabolism.
• The nervous system also uses electrical and
➢It controls how fast the body uses calories chemical (neurotransmitter) signaling, which is
from food. generally faster and for shorter distances.
• Also secretes calcitonin, which helps lower blood • The endocrine system is regulated by feedback
calcium levels. mechanisms, where hormones can inhibit or
stimulate the release of other hormones
• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH),
which raises blood calcium levels.
• Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid gland,
leading to symptoms like fatigue and slow heart
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SCIE108
Endocrine Gland Major Hormones Primary
Produced Functions
Hypothalamus Releasing hormones Regulates • Blinking protects and moistens the eye.
pituitary gland
Pituitary GH, PRL, TSH, Growth,
• Light passes through the lens, which focuses it
(Anterior) FSH, LH, ACTH reproduction, onto the retina.
metabolism,
stress response ➢ The lens can focus on objects both close
Pituitary Oxytocin, ADH Childbirth, water and far away.
(Posterior) balance
Pineal Melatonin Regulates
circadian rhythm
Thyroid T4, T3, Calcitonin Metabolism,
calcium
regulation • The retina has millions of light-sensitive cells
Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone Regulates blood called rods and cones.
(PTH) calcium levels
➢ Rods help us see in black, white, and
Thymus Thymosin Immune system shades of gray, especially in the dark.
function
Adrenal Epinephrine, "Fight-or-flight" ➢ Cones allow us to see color, being
(Medulla) Norepinephrine response
Adrenal Glucocorticoids, Stress response, sensitive to red, green, or blue.
(Cortex) Mineralocorticoids blood pressure
regulation
Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon Blood glucose
regulation
Ovaries Estrogen, Female
Progesterone reproductive • The optic nerve carries messages to the brain
function about what is seen.
Testes Androgens Male
(Testosterone) reproductive • Rods and cones convert colors and shapes into
function
nerve messages for the brain to interpret.
• The eyeball is described as "a beautiful machine
with lots of different parts working together to let
you see."
• The cornea is "the window to the eyeball,"
focusing light as it passes through.
• The colorful part of the eye is called the iris.
• The pupil is a black circle in the middle of the iris
SCIE108
• Adrenal glands handle danger
• The endocrine system delivers
and excitement.
chemicals called hormones.
➢ They produce adrenaline, a
• Endocrine glands release powerful hormone.
hormones directly into the
bloodstream, without the use of
ducts.
• Produces insulin (lowers blood
➢ Hormones regulate processes in the glucose) and glucagon (raises
body. blood glucose).
➢ They ensure hormones reach their
destination on schedule.
• Ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone.
• Each gland produces different hormones.
• Testes produce androgens (e.g.,
testosterone).
• The hypothalamus produces
hormones that regulate the pituitary
gland.
• The pituitary gland (anterior and
posterior) is the "master gland" that secretes
hormones like growth hormone • Hormones can be classified based on their
chemical structure, such as amino acid-derived,
polypeptide, or lipid-derived (e.g., steroids).
• Secretes melatonin, which helps regulate • Hormones bind to specific receptors on target
the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). cells, triggering a response.
• Hormones act as chemical signals, traveling
through the bloodstream to reach target cells.
• The thyroid regulates metabolism.
• The nervous system also uses electrical and
➢It controls how fast the body uses calories chemical (neurotransmitter) signaling, which is
from food. generally faster and for shorter distances.
• Also secretes calcitonin, which helps lower blood • The endocrine system is regulated by feedback
calcium levels. mechanisms, where hormones can inhibit or
stimulate the release of other hormones
• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH),
which raises blood calcium levels.
• Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid gland,
leading to symptoms like fatigue and slow heart
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SCIE108
Endocrine Gland Major Hormones Primary
Produced Functions
Hypothalamus Releasing hormones Regulates • Blinking protects and moistens the eye.
pituitary gland
Pituitary GH, PRL, TSH, Growth,
• Light passes through the lens, which focuses it
(Anterior) FSH, LH, ACTH reproduction, onto the retina.
metabolism,
stress response ➢ The lens can focus on objects both close
Pituitary Oxytocin, ADH Childbirth, water and far away.
(Posterior) balance
Pineal Melatonin Regulates
circadian rhythm
Thyroid T4, T3, Calcitonin Metabolism,
calcium
regulation • The retina has millions of light-sensitive cells
Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone Regulates blood called rods and cones.
(PTH) calcium levels
➢ Rods help us see in black, white, and
Thymus Thymosin Immune system shades of gray, especially in the dark.
function
Adrenal Epinephrine, "Fight-or-flight" ➢ Cones allow us to see color, being
(Medulla) Norepinephrine response
Adrenal Glucocorticoids, Stress response, sensitive to red, green, or blue.
(Cortex) Mineralocorticoids blood pressure
regulation
Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon Blood glucose
regulation
Ovaries Estrogen, Female
Progesterone reproductive • The optic nerve carries messages to the brain
function about what is seen.
Testes Androgens Male
(Testosterone) reproductive • Rods and cones convert colors and shapes into
function
nerve messages for the brain to interpret.
• The eyeball is described as "a beautiful machine
with lots of different parts working together to let
you see."
• The cornea is "the window to the eyeball,"
focusing light as it passes through.
• The colorful part of the eye is called the iris.
• The pupil is a black circle in the middle of the iris
