©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
NTP666 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Solved | Graded A+
behavioral definition of Consciousness - ✔✔The availability of of a rich
behavioral repertoire
Functional Definition of Consciousness - ✔✔The ability to perform certain
cognitive functions
Neurological definition of consciousness - ✔✔Brain activity with behavior
Neural Correlate of Consciousness - ✔✔The minimal neuronal
mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious perception
Specific NCC - ✔✔And physical mechanisms (neurons) whose activity
determines a particular phenomenal distinction within an experience. There
is a one to one correspondence between an experience and a NCC
Full NCC - ✔✔Physical substrate supporting conscious experience in tier
entirety
Theoretical - ✔✔An experience is a cause-effect structure
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
A theory of consciousness should have - ✔✔Should have as a scope
consciousness as subjective experience
Should be logical and self-consistent
Should account for known facts about consciousness and the brain
Should make testable predictions (ideally using a mathematical framework)
allowing researchers to further challenge it or validate it in counter-intuitive
cases
Neuroscience techniques to investigate consciousness - ✔✔Lesion studies
- Causal/strong evidence for any given structure, but plasticity may lead to
functional reorganization in chronic cases
Stimulation studies: perturbational - immediate effects provide strong
evidence for a given structure being causally involved but not specific
effects may be related to network recruitment
Recording and Neuroimaging Studies: Correlational - can help study a
large number of different conditions but evidence is correlational
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Strong Evidence so far - ✔✔Cerebellum or hippocampus not NCC
Cortico-thalmic system is important
Posterior brain regions are important
Feedback connections are important
Debate goes on - ✔✔Role of the striatum
Role of the thalamus
Role of the claustrum
Role of primary versus higher-level cortical regions
Role of prefrontal cortex
Role of different cell types or cortical layers
Cortico-thalamic system - ✔✔Widespread lesions of the cortico-thalamic
region causes irreversible coma
Ablation of Cerebellum does not cause loss of consciousness
Hippocampal lesions does not cause loss of consciousness but impair
some consciousness contents
Bilateral basal ganglia lesions/degeneration do not cause unconsciousness
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Cortex vs activating systems - ✔✔Ach increases during REM sleep
But arousal in VG state
Dreaming 2/3 of the time in NREM
Claustrum stimulation causes unconsciousness
But bilateral claustrum lesion do not cause unconsciousness
Cortex vs Thalamus - ✔✔Coma/VS can be observed after bilateral thalamic
lesions but these lesions also recruit neighboring white matter tracks to the
brain stem and arousal centers
Pure thalamic lesions do not cause coma
Loss of consc during anesthesia coincides with cortical slowing while
thalamus is awake.
During REM sleep there is preserved cortical arousal while the thalamus
sleeps
Primary vs higher level cortical areas - ✔✔V1 can track stimulus properties
but less reliably consciousness contents
Lesions in V1 can induce blindsight
NTP666 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Solved | Graded A+
behavioral definition of Consciousness - ✔✔The availability of of a rich
behavioral repertoire
Functional Definition of Consciousness - ✔✔The ability to perform certain
cognitive functions
Neurological definition of consciousness - ✔✔Brain activity with behavior
Neural Correlate of Consciousness - ✔✔The minimal neuronal
mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious perception
Specific NCC - ✔✔And physical mechanisms (neurons) whose activity
determines a particular phenomenal distinction within an experience. There
is a one to one correspondence between an experience and a NCC
Full NCC - ✔✔Physical substrate supporting conscious experience in tier
entirety
Theoretical - ✔✔An experience is a cause-effect structure
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
A theory of consciousness should have - ✔✔Should have as a scope
consciousness as subjective experience
Should be logical and self-consistent
Should account for known facts about consciousness and the brain
Should make testable predictions (ideally using a mathematical framework)
allowing researchers to further challenge it or validate it in counter-intuitive
cases
Neuroscience techniques to investigate consciousness - ✔✔Lesion studies
- Causal/strong evidence for any given structure, but plasticity may lead to
functional reorganization in chronic cases
Stimulation studies: perturbational - immediate effects provide strong
evidence for a given structure being causally involved but not specific
effects may be related to network recruitment
Recording and Neuroimaging Studies: Correlational - can help study a
large number of different conditions but evidence is correlational
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Strong Evidence so far - ✔✔Cerebellum or hippocampus not NCC
Cortico-thalmic system is important
Posterior brain regions are important
Feedback connections are important
Debate goes on - ✔✔Role of the striatum
Role of the thalamus
Role of the claustrum
Role of primary versus higher-level cortical regions
Role of prefrontal cortex
Role of different cell types or cortical layers
Cortico-thalamic system - ✔✔Widespread lesions of the cortico-thalamic
region causes irreversible coma
Ablation of Cerebellum does not cause loss of consciousness
Hippocampal lesions does not cause loss of consciousness but impair
some consciousness contents
Bilateral basal ganglia lesions/degeneration do not cause unconsciousness
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Cortex vs activating systems - ✔✔Ach increases during REM sleep
But arousal in VG state
Dreaming 2/3 of the time in NREM
Claustrum stimulation causes unconsciousness
But bilateral claustrum lesion do not cause unconsciousness
Cortex vs Thalamus - ✔✔Coma/VS can be observed after bilateral thalamic
lesions but these lesions also recruit neighboring white matter tracks to the
brain stem and arousal centers
Pure thalamic lesions do not cause coma
Loss of consc during anesthesia coincides with cortical slowing while
thalamus is awake.
During REM sleep there is preserved cortical arousal while the thalamus
sleeps
Primary vs higher level cortical areas - ✔✔V1 can track stimulus properties
but less reliably consciousness contents
Lesions in V1 can induce blindsight
