NURS 807 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE
define pathology
study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body
that cause or are caused by disease
define physiology
study of the functions of the human body
define pathophysiology
cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects on function
define etiology
the cause of something
what is the start of most diseases
cellular injury
physical forces that cause injury
mechanical forces ex) ankle sprain
extremes of temperature ex) necrosis
electrical forces ex) cardiac (internal) external -> electricity
radiation injury
,ionizing radiation : chernobyl, nuclear, kind when have cancer
non-ionizing radiation : microwaves, radiowaves, cellular
ultraviolet radiation : sunscreen
UV B vs UV A
UV A -> most damage and cause tan
UV B -> gets through skin and cause changes
hypoxia
lack of sufficient oxygen to the cells
mechanisms of cellular injury
free radicals : cause direct cellular injury
hypoxic cell injury : not enough oxygen
impaired calcium homeostasis : tumor -> center could be Ca
disruption of the cellular membranes : reversible injury
irreversible injury
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
reversible injury
body that can repair itself
irreversible injury
program cell death, necrosis, apoptosis
idiopathic
unknown etiology (cause)
,iatrogenic
disease arose as a result of prescribed treatment
common in pharmacology (risk versus benefit)
nosocomial / healthcare associated
acquired from a healthcare setting ex) MRSA, C-diff
risk factors: genetic predisposition and environmental triggers
factors that predispose an individual to a particular disease
majority of diseases are multifactorial in origin
congenital risk factors
present at birth
acquired conditions risk factors
injury
exposure to infectious agents ex) covid
inadequate nutrition ex) vitamins and minerals to support system
lack of oxygen ex) child with asthma -> life expectancy less
inappropriate immune response ex) celiac, lactose intolerant
neoplasia ex) cancer, history of cancer, multifactorial, treatment could lead to secondary
cancer
general risk factors
extremes of age
gender
genetic disposition
stress
, lifestyle and personal habits
occupation pre-existing illness
environmental exposure
pathogenesis
origin or development of the disease / why a disease starts
sequence of events leading to the expression of disease
structural abnormalities in pathogenesis
exogenous: external, outside of body
endogenous: internal, ex) appendix
functional abnormalities in pathogenesis
no identifiable cellular change that results in tissue abnormalities ex) appendix is
functional issue
manifestation
to present or show itself
signs and symptoms
signs: objective findings gathered during an assessment
symptoms: subjective findings gathered during the H&P
diagnosis and classification types
acute
disease of sudden onset which runs a severe but short course
subacute
intermediate nature : related to acute
chronic
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE
define pathology
study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body
that cause or are caused by disease
define physiology
study of the functions of the human body
define pathophysiology
cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects on function
define etiology
the cause of something
what is the start of most diseases
cellular injury
physical forces that cause injury
mechanical forces ex) ankle sprain
extremes of temperature ex) necrosis
electrical forces ex) cardiac (internal) external -> electricity
radiation injury
,ionizing radiation : chernobyl, nuclear, kind when have cancer
non-ionizing radiation : microwaves, radiowaves, cellular
ultraviolet radiation : sunscreen
UV B vs UV A
UV A -> most damage and cause tan
UV B -> gets through skin and cause changes
hypoxia
lack of sufficient oxygen to the cells
mechanisms of cellular injury
free radicals : cause direct cellular injury
hypoxic cell injury : not enough oxygen
impaired calcium homeostasis : tumor -> center could be Ca
disruption of the cellular membranes : reversible injury
irreversible injury
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
reversible injury
body that can repair itself
irreversible injury
program cell death, necrosis, apoptosis
idiopathic
unknown etiology (cause)
,iatrogenic
disease arose as a result of prescribed treatment
common in pharmacology (risk versus benefit)
nosocomial / healthcare associated
acquired from a healthcare setting ex) MRSA, C-diff
risk factors: genetic predisposition and environmental triggers
factors that predispose an individual to a particular disease
majority of diseases are multifactorial in origin
congenital risk factors
present at birth
acquired conditions risk factors
injury
exposure to infectious agents ex) covid
inadequate nutrition ex) vitamins and minerals to support system
lack of oxygen ex) child with asthma -> life expectancy less
inappropriate immune response ex) celiac, lactose intolerant
neoplasia ex) cancer, history of cancer, multifactorial, treatment could lead to secondary
cancer
general risk factors
extremes of age
gender
genetic disposition
stress
, lifestyle and personal habits
occupation pre-existing illness
environmental exposure
pathogenesis
origin or development of the disease / why a disease starts
sequence of events leading to the expression of disease
structural abnormalities in pathogenesis
exogenous: external, outside of body
endogenous: internal, ex) appendix
functional abnormalities in pathogenesis
no identifiable cellular change that results in tissue abnormalities ex) appendix is
functional issue
manifestation
to present or show itself
signs and symptoms
signs: objective findings gathered during an assessment
symptoms: subjective findings gathered during the H&P
diagnosis and classification types
acute
disease of sudden onset which runs a severe but short course
subacute
intermediate nature : related to acute
chronic
