PATHO EXAM 2 MCPHS DPT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025
Lecture 1: Cell Injury, Death, and Repair
7 Mechanisms of cell (tissue) injury are:
1. ischemia
2. infectious agents
3. immune reactions
4. genetic factors
5. nutritional factors
6. physical factors
7. chemical factors
Sub-lethal cell injuries are:
reversible
Lethal cell injuries are:
irreversible; death to cell
The body's ability to return to homeostasis depends on which 3 factors?
1. the mechanism of injury
2. the severity of the injury
3. how long it took to get treatment from time of injury
Ischemia is
,inadequate blood flow
which can cause hypoxia
Hypoxia is the result of either:
decreased hemoglobin (binds to and transports oxygen) or decreased oxygen
Ischemia (altered blood flow) results in:
-partial or total hypoxia
-decreased nutrients
-decreased removal of waste products
-decreased ATP synthesis
-increased accumulation of ions & intracellular fluid
-cell swells
-possible cell death
How can altered blood flow lead to tissue death?
Reduced blood flow leads to atherosclerosis;
Atherosclerosis then leads to ischemia;
Ischemia causes a stroke or an MI to occur;
Stroke or MI causes tissue death.
What else can be a result of reduced blood flow?
-increased metabolism
-obstruction of respiratory tree
-inadequate O2 transport to the lung
,-Inability of cells to use O2 for cellular respiration
all of these can lead to ischemia
What three infectious agents are responsible for majority of infections?
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Mycoplasmas
What are some other infectious agents that can cause infections? (less common)
fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, helminths
Bacteria is
a single-celled micro-organism
Bacteria is classified by which 4 shapes?
Cocci: spherical, round (twisted chain)
Staphylococcus: grape bunched
Bacilli: rod shaped
Spirochetes: spiral
Bacteria can also be classified by oxygen use in replication. These two types of bacteria are known as
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Cell injury/death occurs by:
invading tissues and releasing exotoxins and endotoxins
, Examples of this type of cell injury/death include:
-cell lysis
-infection
-inflammatory/immunologic reaction
Cell injury/death could also be due to:
sepsis (bacteria in the blood)
Examples of this type of cause:
-endothelial damage
-loss of plasma volume
-maldistribution of blood flow (hypovolemia)
Maldistribution of blood flow can lead to:
cardiovascular collapse (septic shock)
Hypovolemia
decreased blood volume; too much vasodilation
Bacteria in tissue is:
local
Bacteria in the blood (sepsis) is:
systemic
Viruses are
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025
Lecture 1: Cell Injury, Death, and Repair
7 Mechanisms of cell (tissue) injury are:
1. ischemia
2. infectious agents
3. immune reactions
4. genetic factors
5. nutritional factors
6. physical factors
7. chemical factors
Sub-lethal cell injuries are:
reversible
Lethal cell injuries are:
irreversible; death to cell
The body's ability to return to homeostasis depends on which 3 factors?
1. the mechanism of injury
2. the severity of the injury
3. how long it took to get treatment from time of injury
Ischemia is
,inadequate blood flow
which can cause hypoxia
Hypoxia is the result of either:
decreased hemoglobin (binds to and transports oxygen) or decreased oxygen
Ischemia (altered blood flow) results in:
-partial or total hypoxia
-decreased nutrients
-decreased removal of waste products
-decreased ATP synthesis
-increased accumulation of ions & intracellular fluid
-cell swells
-possible cell death
How can altered blood flow lead to tissue death?
Reduced blood flow leads to atherosclerosis;
Atherosclerosis then leads to ischemia;
Ischemia causes a stroke or an MI to occur;
Stroke or MI causes tissue death.
What else can be a result of reduced blood flow?
-increased metabolism
-obstruction of respiratory tree
-inadequate O2 transport to the lung
,-Inability of cells to use O2 for cellular respiration
all of these can lead to ischemia
What three infectious agents are responsible for majority of infections?
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Mycoplasmas
What are some other infectious agents that can cause infections? (less common)
fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, helminths
Bacteria is
a single-celled micro-organism
Bacteria is classified by which 4 shapes?
Cocci: spherical, round (twisted chain)
Staphylococcus: grape bunched
Bacilli: rod shaped
Spirochetes: spiral
Bacteria can also be classified by oxygen use in replication. These two types of bacteria are known as
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Cell injury/death occurs by:
invading tissues and releasing exotoxins and endotoxins
, Examples of this type of cell injury/death include:
-cell lysis
-infection
-inflammatory/immunologic reaction
Cell injury/death could also be due to:
sepsis (bacteria in the blood)
Examples of this type of cause:
-endothelial damage
-loss of plasma volume
-maldistribution of blood flow (hypovolemia)
Maldistribution of blood flow can lead to:
cardiovascular collapse (septic shock)
Hypovolemia
decreased blood volume; too much vasodilation
Bacteria in tissue is:
local
Bacteria in the blood (sepsis) is:
systemic
Viruses are
