Nurs 615 Pharm Exam 1 – Maryville
questions with answers
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Half-life specifically means the amount
of time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔the time between drug administration and
maximum concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔the time between onset of action and
metabolism of drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug
in your system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Educate the patient
,Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The drug is tested on healthy
volunteers
Phase 2 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔trials with people who have the
disease for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about
infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are
satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care professionals about the
therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found
to be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Explain first pass metabolism - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔much of the drug is lost in the
absorption process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The fastest route of
absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The GI tract is lined
with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the
circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged
, solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules
are charged.
What is solubility? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Solubility favors charged species, permeability
favors neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate
movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal
layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔whether
the drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes;
water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the
brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein.
The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only
the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than
80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about 75% of
the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔For example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4 mediated
metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the strong possibility of
overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Grapefruit is an
inhibitor and will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
questions with answers
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Half-life specifically means the amount
of time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔the time between drug administration and
maximum concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔the time between onset of action and
metabolism of drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug
in your system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Educate the patient
,Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The drug is tested on healthy
volunteers
Phase 2 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔trials with people who have the
disease for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about
infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are
satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care professionals about the
therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found
to be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Explain first pass metabolism - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔much of the drug is lost in the
absorption process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The fastest route of
absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The GI tract is lined
with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the
circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged
, solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules
are charged.
What is solubility? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Solubility favors charged species, permeability
favors neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate
movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal
layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔whether
the drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes;
water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the
brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein.
The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only
the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than
80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about 75% of
the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔For example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4 mediated
metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the strong possibility of
overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Grapefruit is an
inhibitor and will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
