MED SURG - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM &
HEMATOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
LATEST COMPLETE (Already RATED A+) 2024
Where does the Right Atrium receive venous blood from?
The inferior and superior venae cava and the coronary sinus.
When the blood leaves the right atrium what does it pass through and where does it go
The tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
With each contraction, where does the right ventricle pump blood
Through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs.
How does blood flow from the lungs to the left atrium
Through the pulmonary veins.
From the left atrium where does blood flow
Through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle.
As the heart contracts, blood is ejected through what valve and to where
The aortic valve into the aorta, thus entering the systemic circulation.
What is the definition of systole
Contraction of the myocardium, ejection of blood from the ventricles
What is the definition of diastole
Relaxation of the myocardium, filling of the ventricles with blood
What is the definition of stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected with each heart beat.
What is the definition of cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute, normally 4-8 L/min
What is the definition of cardiac index
Cardiac output divided by body surface area, normally 2.8-4.2 L/min/m2
How is cardiac output calculated
CO = SV x HR.
What is preload
,Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole.
What is afterload
Peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump.
What are the three factors affecting the stroke volume
Preload, contractility, and afterload.
What are three causes of an increased preload
MI, aortic stenosis, and hypervolemia.
What carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries (except the Pulmonary artery)
What carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Veins (except the Pulmonary veins)
How does blood circulate (brief description of locations traveled)
From the heart to the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and then back to the heart.
What valves maintain the blood flow toward the heart and prevent backward flow
Semilunar valves
What is a measure of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
Arterial blood pressure
What is the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contracts
Systolic blood pressure
What is the residual pressure in the arterial system during ventricular relaxation (or filling)
Diastolic blood pressure
What is the equation to calculate blood pressure
BP = CO x SVR
What is the force opposing the movement of blood created primarily in small arteries and arterioles
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
What is considered normal when measuring blood pressure
Systolic less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic greater than 80 mm Hg.
What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Pulse pressure (normally about 1/3 of systolic blood pressure.)
,What refers to the average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
How is MAP calculated
MAP = (SBP + 2DBP) ÷ 3
What is one of the greatest risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Age
What is the leading cause of death in adults older than 85
Cardiovascular disease
What is the second leading cause of death in adults younger than 85 and the most common cause of
hospitalization
Cardiovascular disease
What is the most common cardiovascular problem
Coronary artery disease (CAD) secondary to atherosclerosis
What are five examples of age-related changes in the heart
Increased collagen and decreased elastin, Decreased response to stress, Thick and stiff heart valves,
Decreased number of pacemaker cells, Decreased number and function of B-adrenergic receptors.
What three components make up serum lipids
Triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoproteins
What are the main storage form of lipids and make up about 95% of fatty tissue
Triglycerides
What is a structural component of cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins, is a precursor of
corticosteroids, sex hormones, and bile salts
Cholesterol
Where is cholesterol absorbed? Synthesized?
From food in the GI tract; in the liver.
What contain glycerol, fatty acids, phosphates, and a nitrogenous compound
Phospholipids (usually enter the circulation as lipoproteins synthesized by the liver).
Elevations in triglycerides and LDLs are strongly associated with what
Cardiovascular disease
High levels of HDLs are associated with what
, Decreased risk of Cardiovascular disease
What uses ultrasound waves to record the movement of the structures of the heart
Echocardiogram
What is the percentage of end-diastolic blood volume that is ejected during the systole that can also
be measured
Ejection Fraction
ardiac Output
is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute. It is determined by Stroke Volume X
Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction and averages 60 to 80 mL/beat
Cardiac Pain may radiate to
shoulders, neck, jaw, arms, or back.
Normal Blood Pressure
120/80
Normal Heart Rate
60 to 100 bpm
Arterial Pulses
0 is absent ; 1+ is weak ; 2+ is normal ; 3+ is bounding
6 P's to characterize Peripheral Vascular Disease
-Pain
-Poikilothermic (temp)
-Pulselessness
-Pallor
-Paralysis
-Paresthesia (decreased sensation)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
records electrical activity of the heart in various views.
Peripheral Vascular Stress Test
HEMATOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
LATEST COMPLETE (Already RATED A+) 2024
Where does the Right Atrium receive venous blood from?
The inferior and superior venae cava and the coronary sinus.
When the blood leaves the right atrium what does it pass through and where does it go
The tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
With each contraction, where does the right ventricle pump blood
Through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs.
How does blood flow from the lungs to the left atrium
Through the pulmonary veins.
From the left atrium where does blood flow
Through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle.
As the heart contracts, blood is ejected through what valve and to where
The aortic valve into the aorta, thus entering the systemic circulation.
What is the definition of systole
Contraction of the myocardium, ejection of blood from the ventricles
What is the definition of diastole
Relaxation of the myocardium, filling of the ventricles with blood
What is the definition of stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected with each heart beat.
What is the definition of cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute, normally 4-8 L/min
What is the definition of cardiac index
Cardiac output divided by body surface area, normally 2.8-4.2 L/min/m2
How is cardiac output calculated
CO = SV x HR.
What is preload
,Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole.
What is afterload
Peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump.
What are the three factors affecting the stroke volume
Preload, contractility, and afterload.
What are three causes of an increased preload
MI, aortic stenosis, and hypervolemia.
What carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries (except the Pulmonary artery)
What carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Veins (except the Pulmonary veins)
How does blood circulate (brief description of locations traveled)
From the heart to the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and then back to the heart.
What valves maintain the blood flow toward the heart and prevent backward flow
Semilunar valves
What is a measure of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
Arterial blood pressure
What is the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contracts
Systolic blood pressure
What is the residual pressure in the arterial system during ventricular relaxation (or filling)
Diastolic blood pressure
What is the equation to calculate blood pressure
BP = CO x SVR
What is the force opposing the movement of blood created primarily in small arteries and arterioles
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
What is considered normal when measuring blood pressure
Systolic less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic greater than 80 mm Hg.
What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Pulse pressure (normally about 1/3 of systolic blood pressure.)
,What refers to the average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
How is MAP calculated
MAP = (SBP + 2DBP) ÷ 3
What is one of the greatest risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Age
What is the leading cause of death in adults older than 85
Cardiovascular disease
What is the second leading cause of death in adults younger than 85 and the most common cause of
hospitalization
Cardiovascular disease
What is the most common cardiovascular problem
Coronary artery disease (CAD) secondary to atherosclerosis
What are five examples of age-related changes in the heart
Increased collagen and decreased elastin, Decreased response to stress, Thick and stiff heart valves,
Decreased number of pacemaker cells, Decreased number and function of B-adrenergic receptors.
What three components make up serum lipids
Triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoproteins
What are the main storage form of lipids and make up about 95% of fatty tissue
Triglycerides
What is a structural component of cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins, is a precursor of
corticosteroids, sex hormones, and bile salts
Cholesterol
Where is cholesterol absorbed? Synthesized?
From food in the GI tract; in the liver.
What contain glycerol, fatty acids, phosphates, and a nitrogenous compound
Phospholipids (usually enter the circulation as lipoproteins synthesized by the liver).
Elevations in triglycerides and LDLs are strongly associated with what
Cardiovascular disease
High levels of HDLs are associated with what
, Decreased risk of Cardiovascular disease
What uses ultrasound waves to record the movement of the structures of the heart
Echocardiogram
What is the percentage of end-diastolic blood volume that is ejected during the systole that can also
be measured
Ejection Fraction
ardiac Output
is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute. It is determined by Stroke Volume X
Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction and averages 60 to 80 mL/beat
Cardiac Pain may radiate to
shoulders, neck, jaw, arms, or back.
Normal Blood Pressure
120/80
Normal Heart Rate
60 to 100 bpm
Arterial Pulses
0 is absent ; 1+ is weak ; 2+ is normal ; 3+ is bounding
6 P's to characterize Peripheral Vascular Disease
-Pain
-Poikilothermic (temp)
-Pulselessness
-Pallor
-Paralysis
-Paresthesia (decreased sensation)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
records electrical activity of the heart in various views.
Peripheral Vascular Stress Test
