BIOD 121 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM ALL
85 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
Energy balance - ANSWER: is defined as a state when one's energy intake is
equivalent to the amount of energy expended. In other words, the number of
calories ingested from food and beverages must be equal to the number of calories
burned through basic body functions plus exercise. Thus, in order to prevent weight
gain and maintain an appropriate weight, we must understand the concept of energy
balance.
Positive energy balance - ANSWER: occurs if more calories (energy) are consumed
than expended. There are certain periods when we need to consume more calories
than we expend. Examples would include periods of growth, such as pregnancy or
periods of childhood and adolescence when growth spurts occur. Over time,
however, the excess consumption will lead to weight gain. In fact, by consuming an
extra 500 calories a day over what is expended, you could gain one pound in a week.
Generally speaking, one pound of fat is equal to 3500 kcal.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER: is an increase in the number of fat cells often occurring
during periods of growth, such as adolescence or pregnancy
Hypertrophy - ANSWER: is an increase in the size of fat cells, most often seen in
periods of low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood.
Occur naturally throughout growth period, but when adults we don't want to
increase the # of fat cells in body
Negative energy balance - ANSWER: occurs if fewer calories are consumed than
calories expended. At times, an individual may be unintentionally in negative energy
balance, such as during an illness or trauma as they would negatively affect appetite
and intake. In other cases, an extremely high amount of energy is required for
healing, such as someone who has suffered a major burn injury. However, for most
of the population, being in negative energy balance is an intentional act. Calories are
limited and/or exercise is increased with the goal of weight loss.
Good for losing weight
Not good for someone with a chronic disease, trauma, or eating disorder
the two major components of energy expenditure are the basal metabolic rate and
physical activity. - ANSWER: BMR x PA
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - ANSWER: is defined as the number of calories used by
the body while in a fasting state and accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy
expenditure. In general, males require 1 kcal/kg/hour and females require 0.9
kcal/kg/hour to support the functions of various organs and to stay alive. The BMR
, varies per person based on a number of factors such as: gender, lean body mass,
body size, temperature, age, nervous system activity, levels of caffeine intake, and
tobacco use (smoking). If someone is trying to lose weight and restricts their calorie
intake too much, their BMR will decline. This is the body's safety mechanism to
prevent starvation. As we age our BMR declines by 1-2% per decade. Thus, if one
fails to make changes in diet or activity levels from one decade to the next, a slow
weight gain will be the result—this is why people in their 40s and 50s will often
complain about gaining weight and how it has become difficult to lose.
Calories that we burn to sustain life
60-70% of total energy expenditure for the day
Males have higher BMR than females
Muscular (higher BMR)
Thermic effect of food (TEF) - ANSWER: is the energy used for digestion and
absorption of food and accounts for approximately 10% of the calories expended.
Larger meals and meals higher in protein result in a higher TEF.
Small amount
Thermogenesis - ANSWER: is the ability to regulate body temperature and activities
such as fidgeting, maintaining body posture, and shivering. The amount of energy
burned through thermogenesis is very small. Recently scientists have begun to study
the link between brown adipose (fat) tissue and weight maintenance. Brown adipose
tissue is found in infants below the collar bone. The brown fat metabolizes the
energy yielding nutrients, which results in heat production to be used by the body.
Most adults have little brown fat, but lean adults have been found to have higher
levels than their heavier counterparts. Studies are underway to see how this
knowledge could be used to benefit those that struggle with being overweight.
Physical activity - ANSWER: accounts for 15-40% of our energy expenditure. A
number of factors, such as body size, fitness level, and the actual activity, determine
how many calories are expended. Low physical activity and a "couch potato"
mentality often lead to weight gain. Previous generations expended many more
calories than we do today as jobs were physically demanding. In contrast, modern
conveniences do much of the work for us. As a result, we live a much more
sedentary lifestyle and must intentionally choose to be active.
Direct calorimetry - ANSWER: measures the amount of heat given off by the body.
An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the
amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. This method is used
infrequently due to the expense and complexity of the procedure.
Indirect calorimetry - ANSWER: uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along
with scientific formulas, to measure energy expended. It is convenient, fairly cheap,
easy, and very portable.
85 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
Energy balance - ANSWER: is defined as a state when one's energy intake is
equivalent to the amount of energy expended. In other words, the number of
calories ingested from food and beverages must be equal to the number of calories
burned through basic body functions plus exercise. Thus, in order to prevent weight
gain and maintain an appropriate weight, we must understand the concept of energy
balance.
Positive energy balance - ANSWER: occurs if more calories (energy) are consumed
than expended. There are certain periods when we need to consume more calories
than we expend. Examples would include periods of growth, such as pregnancy or
periods of childhood and adolescence when growth spurts occur. Over time,
however, the excess consumption will lead to weight gain. In fact, by consuming an
extra 500 calories a day over what is expended, you could gain one pound in a week.
Generally speaking, one pound of fat is equal to 3500 kcal.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER: is an increase in the number of fat cells often occurring
during periods of growth, such as adolescence or pregnancy
Hypertrophy - ANSWER: is an increase in the size of fat cells, most often seen in
periods of low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood.
Occur naturally throughout growth period, but when adults we don't want to
increase the # of fat cells in body
Negative energy balance - ANSWER: occurs if fewer calories are consumed than
calories expended. At times, an individual may be unintentionally in negative energy
balance, such as during an illness or trauma as they would negatively affect appetite
and intake. In other cases, an extremely high amount of energy is required for
healing, such as someone who has suffered a major burn injury. However, for most
of the population, being in negative energy balance is an intentional act. Calories are
limited and/or exercise is increased with the goal of weight loss.
Good for losing weight
Not good for someone with a chronic disease, trauma, or eating disorder
the two major components of energy expenditure are the basal metabolic rate and
physical activity. - ANSWER: BMR x PA
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - ANSWER: is defined as the number of calories used by
the body while in a fasting state and accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy
expenditure. In general, males require 1 kcal/kg/hour and females require 0.9
kcal/kg/hour to support the functions of various organs and to stay alive. The BMR
, varies per person based on a number of factors such as: gender, lean body mass,
body size, temperature, age, nervous system activity, levels of caffeine intake, and
tobacco use (smoking). If someone is trying to lose weight and restricts their calorie
intake too much, their BMR will decline. This is the body's safety mechanism to
prevent starvation. As we age our BMR declines by 1-2% per decade. Thus, if one
fails to make changes in diet or activity levels from one decade to the next, a slow
weight gain will be the result—this is why people in their 40s and 50s will often
complain about gaining weight and how it has become difficult to lose.
Calories that we burn to sustain life
60-70% of total energy expenditure for the day
Males have higher BMR than females
Muscular (higher BMR)
Thermic effect of food (TEF) - ANSWER: is the energy used for digestion and
absorption of food and accounts for approximately 10% of the calories expended.
Larger meals and meals higher in protein result in a higher TEF.
Small amount
Thermogenesis - ANSWER: is the ability to regulate body temperature and activities
such as fidgeting, maintaining body posture, and shivering. The amount of energy
burned through thermogenesis is very small. Recently scientists have begun to study
the link between brown adipose (fat) tissue and weight maintenance. Brown adipose
tissue is found in infants below the collar bone. The brown fat metabolizes the
energy yielding nutrients, which results in heat production to be used by the body.
Most adults have little brown fat, but lean adults have been found to have higher
levels than their heavier counterparts. Studies are underway to see how this
knowledge could be used to benefit those that struggle with being overweight.
Physical activity - ANSWER: accounts for 15-40% of our energy expenditure. A
number of factors, such as body size, fitness level, and the actual activity, determine
how many calories are expended. Low physical activity and a "couch potato"
mentality often lead to weight gain. Previous generations expended many more
calories than we do today as jobs were physically demanding. In contrast, modern
conveniences do much of the work for us. As a result, we live a much more
sedentary lifestyle and must intentionally choose to be active.
Direct calorimetry - ANSWER: measures the amount of heat given off by the body.
An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the
amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. This method is used
infrequently due to the expense and complexity of the procedure.
Indirect calorimetry - ANSWER: uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along
with scientific formulas, to measure energy expended. It is convenient, fairly cheap,
easy, and very portable.
