ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST
2024 ACTUAL EXAM 75 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
primary intervention - ANSWER: removes risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - ANSWER: immunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - ANSWER: detecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - ANSWER: pap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - ANSWER: preventing further deterioration or reducing
complications of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - ANSWER: beta blockers following MI, chemo,
radiation
homeostasis - ANSWER: property of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the
stability of the human body's environment in response to changes in external
conditions
mitochondria - ANSWER: cellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER: protein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - ANSWER: site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - ANSWER: packages and modifies proteins from the ER for
secretion; produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWER: cellular digestion
cytoskeleton - ANSWER: filaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit
movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - ANSWER: hypoxia, chemical/toxic agents,
physical agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects,
nutritional imbalances
, how does hypoxia affect cells? - ANSWER: causes cellular swelling, local or
generalized release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - ANSWER: damage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - ANSWER: humoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - ANSWER: utilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-
lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - ANSWER: (1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - ANSWER: memory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER: exposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue;
activated T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly
respond to an antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWER: bone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWER: thymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - ANSWER: epithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWER: T-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate
immunity; identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - ANSWER: amplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - ANSWER: innate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - ANSWER: secrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - ANSWER: "pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as
APCs
neutrophils - ANSWER: release interleukins (cytokines) to signal other immune cells
to travel to injured area during chemotaxis
2024 ACTUAL EXAM 75 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
primary intervention - ANSWER: removes risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - ANSWER: immunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - ANSWER: detecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - ANSWER: pap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - ANSWER: preventing further deterioration or reducing
complications of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - ANSWER: beta blockers following MI, chemo,
radiation
homeostasis - ANSWER: property of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the
stability of the human body's environment in response to changes in external
conditions
mitochondria - ANSWER: cellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER: protein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - ANSWER: site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - ANSWER: packages and modifies proteins from the ER for
secretion; produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWER: cellular digestion
cytoskeleton - ANSWER: filaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit
movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - ANSWER: hypoxia, chemical/toxic agents,
physical agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects,
nutritional imbalances
, how does hypoxia affect cells? - ANSWER: causes cellular swelling, local or
generalized release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - ANSWER: damage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - ANSWER: humoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - ANSWER: utilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-
lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - ANSWER: (1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - ANSWER: memory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER: exposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue;
activated T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly
respond to an antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWER: bone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWER: thymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - ANSWER: epithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWER: T-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate
immunity; identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - ANSWER: amplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - ANSWER: innate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - ANSWER: secrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - ANSWER: "pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as
APCs
neutrophils - ANSWER: release interleukins (cytokines) to signal other immune cells
to travel to injured area during chemotaxis
