CPH EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS AND PRACTICE EXAM
NEWEST 2024 COMPLETE 500 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
accuracy - ANSWER: degree to which a measurement or an estimate based on
measurements represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured
acute disease - ANSWER: referring to a health effect, with sudden onset, often brief;
sometimes loosely used to mean severe
acute disease - ANSWER: referring to exposure, either brief, intense, or short-term;
sometimes specifically referr ing to brief exposure of high intensity
adjusted rate - ANSWER: rate in which the effects of differences in composition of
the populations being compared have been minimized by statistical methods
age-specific rate - ANSWER: rate for a specified age group; numerator and
denominator refer to the same age group
association - ANSWER: (Syn: correlation, [statistical] dependence, relationship)
Statistical dependence between two or more events, characteristics , or other
variables. An association is present if the probability of occurrence of an event of
characteristic , or the quantity of a variable, depends upon the occurrence of one or
more other events, the presence of one or more other characteristics, or the
quantity of one or more other variables
attributable risk - ANSWER: rate (proportion) of a disease or other outcome in
exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure. This measure is derived
by subtracting the rate of the outcome (usually incidence or mortality) among the
unexposed from the rate among the exposed individuals; it is assumed that causes
other than the one under investigation have had equal effects on the exposed and
unexposed groups
bias - ANSWER: deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes
leading to such deviation. Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation,
publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically
different from the truth
case - ANSWER: In epidemiology, a person in the population or study group
identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under
investigation
case-control study - ANSWER: (Syn: case comparison study, case compeer study,
case history study, case referent study, retros pective study) The observational
,epidemiologic study of persons with the disease (or other outcome variable) of
interest and a suitable control (comparison, reference) group of persons without the
disease
case fatality rate - ANSWER: proportion of cases of a specified condition which are
fatal within a specified time
cause (determinant) - ANSWER: factor or event that is capable of bringing about
change in health
chronic - ANSWER: referring to a health-related state, lasting a long time. 2.
Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, often with specific reference to low
intensity. 3. The US National Center for Health Statistics defines a ' chronic' condition
as one of 3 months' duration or longer.
clinical - ANSWER: concerned with or based on actual observation and treatment of
disease in patients rather than experimentation or theory
clinical trial - ANSWER: (Syn: therapeutic trial) A research activity that involves the
administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. The
term is subject to wide variation in usage, from the first use in humans without any
control treatment to a rigorously designed and executed experiment involving test
and control treatments and randomization
Clinical Trial, Phase I - ANSWER: trial Safety and pharmacologic profiles. The first
introduction of a candidate vaccine or a drug into a human population to determine
its safety and mode of action. In drug trials , this phase may Include studies of dose
and route of administration. Phase I trials usually involve tewer than 100 healthy
volunteers
Clinical Trial, Phase II - ANSWER: pilot efficacy studies. Initial trial to examine efficacy
usually in 200 to 500 volunteers; with vaccines, the focus is on immunogenicity, and
with drugs , on demonstration of safety and efficacy in comparison to other existing
regimens. Usually but not always, subjects are randomly allocated to study and
control groups .
Clinical Trial, Phase III - ANSWER: intended for complete assessment of safety and
efficacy. It involves larger numbers, perhaps thousands, of volunteers, usually with
random allocation to study and control groups, and may be a multicenter trial
Clinical Trial, Phase IV - ANSWER: trial With drugs, this phase is conducted after the
national drug registration authority (e.g ., the Food and Drug Administration in the
United States) has approved the drug for distribution or marketing. Phase IV trials
may include research designed to explore a specific pharmacologic effect, to
establish the incident of adverse reactions, or to determine the effects of long-term
use. Ethical review is required for phase IV clinical trials , but not for routine post
marketing surveillance.
,cohort study - ANSWER: (Syn: concurrent, follow-up, incidence, longitudinal,
prospective study) The analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a
defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be
exposed or not exposed, or exposed In different degrees, to a factor or factors
hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other
outcome
community - ANSWER: group of individuals organized into a unity, or manifesting
some unifying trait or common interest; loosely, the locality or catchment area
population for which a service is provided, or more broadly, the station, nation, or
body politic
confidence interval - ANSWER: computed interval with a given probability, e.g., 95%,
that the true value of a variabl e such as a mean, proportion, or rate is contained
within the interval.
confounder (confounding) - ANSWER: (From the Latin confundere, to mix together)
1. A situation in which the effects of two processes are not separated. The distortion
of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk brought about by the association with
other factors that can influence the outcome. 2. A relationship between the effects
of two or more causal factors as observed in a set of data such that it is not logically
possible to separate the contribution that any single causal factor has made to an
effect. 3. A situation in which a measure of the effect of an exposure on risk is
distorted because of the association of exposure with other factor(s) that influence
the outcome under study.
control group (or comparison group or controls ) - ANSWER: subjects with whom
comparison is made in a case control study, randomized controlled trial , or other
variety of epidemiologic study
cross-sectional study - ANSWER: (Syn: disease frequency survey, prevalence study) A
study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related
characteristics ) and other variables of interest as they exist in defined population at
one particular time.
crude rate - ANSWER: summary rate based on the actual number of events In a
population over a given time period.
cumulative incidence (cumulative incidence rate) - ANSWER: (Syn: incidence
proportion) The number or proportion of a group of people who experience the
onset of a health-related event during a specified time interval; this interval is
generally the same for all members of the group, but, as In lifetime incidence, it may
vary from person to person without reference to age.
death rate - ANSWER: estimate of the portion of a population that dies during a
specified period. The numerator is the number of person dying during the period;
, the denominator is the number in the population, usually estimated as the midyear
population.
descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER: epidemiologic studies that are concerned with
characterizing the amount and distribution of heath and disease within a population
dose-response - ANSWER: relationship of observed outcomes (responses) in a
population to varying levels of a protective or harmful agent such as a form of
medication or an environmental contaminant
double-blind (masked) trial - ANSWER: procedure of blind assignment to study and
control groups and blind assessment of outcome, designed to ensure that
ascertainment of outcome is not biased by knowledge of the group to which an
individual was assigned. Double refers to both parties, i.e., the observer(s) in contact
with the subjects and the subjects in the study and control groups
ecologic fallacy - ANSWER: (Syn: aggregation bias , ecological bias) The bias that may
occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does
not necessarily represent the association that exists at an individual level
ecologic study - ANSWER: study in which the units of analysis are populations or
groups of people, rather than individuals. An example is the study of association
between median income and cancer mortality rates in administrative jurisdictions
such as states and counties
effect modification (modifier) - ANSWER: (Syn: conditional variable, moderator
variable) A factor that modifies the effect of a putative causal factor under study.
Effect modification is detected by varying the selected effect measure for the factor
under study across levels of another factor
environment - ANSWER: all that which is external to the Individual human host. Can
be divided Into physical, biological, social, cultural, etc ., any or all of which can
influence health status of populations
epidemiology - ANSWER: study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to
control of health problems
etiologic fraction (attributable fraction, attributable risk percent) - ANSWER:
proportion of all cases that can be attributed to a particular exposure. It is the
attributable difference (attributable risk ) divided by the incidence rate in the group.
If the association is causal, this is also the proportion by which the incidence rate
would be reduced if the exposure were eliminated. The attributable fraction may
apply to exposed individuals (attributable risk percent) or to the whole population
(population attributable risk percent).
NEWEST 2024 COMPLETE 500 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
accuracy - ANSWER: degree to which a measurement or an estimate based on
measurements represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured
acute disease - ANSWER: referring to a health effect, with sudden onset, often brief;
sometimes loosely used to mean severe
acute disease - ANSWER: referring to exposure, either brief, intense, or short-term;
sometimes specifically referr ing to brief exposure of high intensity
adjusted rate - ANSWER: rate in which the effects of differences in composition of
the populations being compared have been minimized by statistical methods
age-specific rate - ANSWER: rate for a specified age group; numerator and
denominator refer to the same age group
association - ANSWER: (Syn: correlation, [statistical] dependence, relationship)
Statistical dependence between two or more events, characteristics , or other
variables. An association is present if the probability of occurrence of an event of
characteristic , or the quantity of a variable, depends upon the occurrence of one or
more other events, the presence of one or more other characteristics, or the
quantity of one or more other variables
attributable risk - ANSWER: rate (proportion) of a disease or other outcome in
exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure. This measure is derived
by subtracting the rate of the outcome (usually incidence or mortality) among the
unexposed from the rate among the exposed individuals; it is assumed that causes
other than the one under investigation have had equal effects on the exposed and
unexposed groups
bias - ANSWER: deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes
leading to such deviation. Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation,
publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically
different from the truth
case - ANSWER: In epidemiology, a person in the population or study group
identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under
investigation
case-control study - ANSWER: (Syn: case comparison study, case compeer study,
case history study, case referent study, retros pective study) The observational
,epidemiologic study of persons with the disease (or other outcome variable) of
interest and a suitable control (comparison, reference) group of persons without the
disease
case fatality rate - ANSWER: proportion of cases of a specified condition which are
fatal within a specified time
cause (determinant) - ANSWER: factor or event that is capable of bringing about
change in health
chronic - ANSWER: referring to a health-related state, lasting a long time. 2.
Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, often with specific reference to low
intensity. 3. The US National Center for Health Statistics defines a ' chronic' condition
as one of 3 months' duration or longer.
clinical - ANSWER: concerned with or based on actual observation and treatment of
disease in patients rather than experimentation or theory
clinical trial - ANSWER: (Syn: therapeutic trial) A research activity that involves the
administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. The
term is subject to wide variation in usage, from the first use in humans without any
control treatment to a rigorously designed and executed experiment involving test
and control treatments and randomization
Clinical Trial, Phase I - ANSWER: trial Safety and pharmacologic profiles. The first
introduction of a candidate vaccine or a drug into a human population to determine
its safety and mode of action. In drug trials , this phase may Include studies of dose
and route of administration. Phase I trials usually involve tewer than 100 healthy
volunteers
Clinical Trial, Phase II - ANSWER: pilot efficacy studies. Initial trial to examine efficacy
usually in 200 to 500 volunteers; with vaccines, the focus is on immunogenicity, and
with drugs , on demonstration of safety and efficacy in comparison to other existing
regimens. Usually but not always, subjects are randomly allocated to study and
control groups .
Clinical Trial, Phase III - ANSWER: intended for complete assessment of safety and
efficacy. It involves larger numbers, perhaps thousands, of volunteers, usually with
random allocation to study and control groups, and may be a multicenter trial
Clinical Trial, Phase IV - ANSWER: trial With drugs, this phase is conducted after the
national drug registration authority (e.g ., the Food and Drug Administration in the
United States) has approved the drug for distribution or marketing. Phase IV trials
may include research designed to explore a specific pharmacologic effect, to
establish the incident of adverse reactions, or to determine the effects of long-term
use. Ethical review is required for phase IV clinical trials , but not for routine post
marketing surveillance.
,cohort study - ANSWER: (Syn: concurrent, follow-up, incidence, longitudinal,
prospective study) The analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a
defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be
exposed or not exposed, or exposed In different degrees, to a factor or factors
hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other
outcome
community - ANSWER: group of individuals organized into a unity, or manifesting
some unifying trait or common interest; loosely, the locality or catchment area
population for which a service is provided, or more broadly, the station, nation, or
body politic
confidence interval - ANSWER: computed interval with a given probability, e.g., 95%,
that the true value of a variabl e such as a mean, proportion, or rate is contained
within the interval.
confounder (confounding) - ANSWER: (From the Latin confundere, to mix together)
1. A situation in which the effects of two processes are not separated. The distortion
of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk brought about by the association with
other factors that can influence the outcome. 2. A relationship between the effects
of two or more causal factors as observed in a set of data such that it is not logically
possible to separate the contribution that any single causal factor has made to an
effect. 3. A situation in which a measure of the effect of an exposure on risk is
distorted because of the association of exposure with other factor(s) that influence
the outcome under study.
control group (or comparison group or controls ) - ANSWER: subjects with whom
comparison is made in a case control study, randomized controlled trial , or other
variety of epidemiologic study
cross-sectional study - ANSWER: (Syn: disease frequency survey, prevalence study) A
study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related
characteristics ) and other variables of interest as they exist in defined population at
one particular time.
crude rate - ANSWER: summary rate based on the actual number of events In a
population over a given time period.
cumulative incidence (cumulative incidence rate) - ANSWER: (Syn: incidence
proportion) The number or proportion of a group of people who experience the
onset of a health-related event during a specified time interval; this interval is
generally the same for all members of the group, but, as In lifetime incidence, it may
vary from person to person without reference to age.
death rate - ANSWER: estimate of the portion of a population that dies during a
specified period. The numerator is the number of person dying during the period;
, the denominator is the number in the population, usually estimated as the midyear
population.
descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER: epidemiologic studies that are concerned with
characterizing the amount and distribution of heath and disease within a population
dose-response - ANSWER: relationship of observed outcomes (responses) in a
population to varying levels of a protective or harmful agent such as a form of
medication or an environmental contaminant
double-blind (masked) trial - ANSWER: procedure of blind assignment to study and
control groups and blind assessment of outcome, designed to ensure that
ascertainment of outcome is not biased by knowledge of the group to which an
individual was assigned. Double refers to both parties, i.e., the observer(s) in contact
with the subjects and the subjects in the study and control groups
ecologic fallacy - ANSWER: (Syn: aggregation bias , ecological bias) The bias that may
occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does
not necessarily represent the association that exists at an individual level
ecologic study - ANSWER: study in which the units of analysis are populations or
groups of people, rather than individuals. An example is the study of association
between median income and cancer mortality rates in administrative jurisdictions
such as states and counties
effect modification (modifier) - ANSWER: (Syn: conditional variable, moderator
variable) A factor that modifies the effect of a putative causal factor under study.
Effect modification is detected by varying the selected effect measure for the factor
under study across levels of another factor
environment - ANSWER: all that which is external to the Individual human host. Can
be divided Into physical, biological, social, cultural, etc ., any or all of which can
influence health status of populations
epidemiology - ANSWER: study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to
control of health problems
etiologic fraction (attributable fraction, attributable risk percent) - ANSWER:
proportion of all cases that can be attributed to a particular exposure. It is the
attributable difference (attributable risk ) divided by the incidence rate in the group.
If the association is causal, this is also the proportion by which the incidence rate
would be reduced if the exposure were eliminated. The attributable fraction may
apply to exposed individuals (attributable risk percent) or to the whole population
(population attributable risk percent).
