Athabasca CRJS 360 Key Terms and Concepts Exam
Review 2023 with verified correct answers
Intra vs. Inter Individual Differences - ANSWER Intra: Variations in criminal conduct
with an individual between time and situation
Inter: Variation in criminal conduct between indiviuals
Forensic psychology - ANSWER Any application of psychology to the legal system
Criminological psychology - ANSWER Specific psychological study of criminal
behaviour otherwise known as correctional psychology
Crime Desistance - ANSWER Decreased criminal activity
Cognitive Social Learning Theory - ANSWER A learning theory of crime that
attends to both social and cognitive factors as well as behaviour.
PIC-R Theory - ANSWER States that criminal behaviour reflects on "immeidate
situational factors" that influence decision to commit crime. Similar to comtemporary
criminologcal viewpoints
Dynamic risk factors - ANSWER Risk factors that are not static and can change
dependent on criminal behavior
Criminogenic factors and needs - ANSWER Changeable risk factors that, when
reduced, result in reduced criminal behaviour, are correlated (Dynamic Risk Factors)
Crime rate - ANSWER Information of police-reported incidents that occur within a
given population
Crime Severity Index - ANSWER Measures police-reported crime in Canada taking
into account the volume and seriousness of a particular crime
Meta-analysis - ANSWER Combine the results of individual studies and develop
one averaged effect size for all the studies combined. dichotomous variable then the
AUC is reported
Centeral 8 Risk Factors (Big 4 included) - ANSWER Big 4: History of Antisocial
Behaviour, Antisocial Personality Pattern, Antisocial Cognition, Antisocial Cogniitons
Moderate 4: Family School, Leisure, Substance Abuse
Evidence-Based Practice - ANSWER Research and clinical knowledge that
describes correctional assessment, program or supervision strategy that lead to
outcomes such as rehabiliation and increased public safety
,Causal mechanisms, mediators, and moderators (Unit 2) - ANSWER Mechanisms:
Causes a direct behavior (X causes Y) Can be tested by independent variable but
often unethical
Mediators: Variables that explain connections between X & Y
Moderators: Variables that cause the relationship between X & Y
Neurotransmitters - ANSWER Chemical messengers of the brain
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins - ANSWER MZ are identical twins
DZ are fraternal twins
Warrior gene - ANSWER Otherwise known as the MAOA gene, expresses
antisocial behavior and aggression/violence
Testosterone, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine - ANSWER Testosterone:
develops and maintains primary and secondary characteristics, family of androgens
Serotonin: Important role for behavioural inhibition and mood regulation, produced
from amino acid tryptophan, malfunction levels lead to impulse and aggression
Norepinephrine: Signals reactions to short term stress, high levels correlate to
aggression
Dopamine: Causes feelings of pleasure but can be artificially made from drugs
Presynaptic and postsynaptic cells - ANSWER Pre is the sender and uses axons
synaptic terminals to transmit message to the receiver or the postsynaptic cell using
dendrites
Behavioural activation system (BAS) - ANSWER Reward-seeking system that
responds to incentives/rewards
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) - ANSWER Avoidance system for stopping
behaviors in face of punishment
Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes - ANSWER Frontal: Several higher order
functions like reasoning, morals, violence, aggression
Parietal: Integrates sensory info related to movement and space
Temporal: Implicated in production of aggression
Limbic system - ANSWER Associated with amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate
genus with relation to emotion and those related to it sweating + flight or fight
response
Executive functioning - ANSWER Refers to cognitive functioning involving future
goal-oriented behavior, organizational skills found to be associated with frontal lobe
Proximate explanations - ANSWER Identify which factors in someones immediate
environment cause certain behaviors also ask how behavior develops overtime
Distal (ultimate) explanations - ANSWER Ask questions about function and
adaptation for species
, Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER Human mind comes equipped with numerous
mechanisms that have designed and maintained through selection
Life-course persistent offenders - ANSWER Begin committing serious antisocial
acts prior to adolesence and continue into adulthood, commit crimes through life
Adolescent limited offenders - ANSWER Engage in mild forms of anti sociality, start
at puberty and end in early adulthood, interactions with high risk child and
environment, commit crimes only as kids
Psychopathy - ANSWER Caused by combination of manipulation, lying, inability to
feel empathy, risk-taking, irresponsibility
Polymorphism - ANSWER Situation where alternative versions of a discrete trait
exist naturally
Principle of frequency-dependent selection - ANSWER Phenotypic expression will
no longer be adaptive because its success is dependent on its rarity in comparison
to its sister
Id, Ego, Supergo (Unit 3) - ANSWER Id: Pleasure seeking and destructive impulses
(Devil)
Ego: Mediate between primal needs and society demands
Superego: Internalizations of group standards (Angel)
Reality Principle and Pleasure Principle - ANSWER Pleasure: Seeks immediate
pleasure with little consideration of consequences
Reality: Allows id to function in socially acceptable way
Ego-Ideal - ANSWER Represents socially acceptable standards
Deviant Identification - ANSWER Identifying with a deviant role model
Neurotic Criminal - ANSWER Commits crime due to harsh superego
Maternal Deprivation - ANSWER Young children require consistent and continuous
maternal care in order for them to develop normally
Cross-Sectional Research - ANSWER Comparing lives of juvenile delinquents with
non-juyveniles (polar opposites)
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER Same group is observed multiple times
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement and Belief - ANSWER Attachment: Interest
in others (Parents, Friends, Teachers)
Commitment: Time, energy and effort place in conventional behaviour
Involvement: Time and energy spent on activities that line with conventional interests
Belief: View that people should obey common rules
Review 2023 with verified correct answers
Intra vs. Inter Individual Differences - ANSWER Intra: Variations in criminal conduct
with an individual between time and situation
Inter: Variation in criminal conduct between indiviuals
Forensic psychology - ANSWER Any application of psychology to the legal system
Criminological psychology - ANSWER Specific psychological study of criminal
behaviour otherwise known as correctional psychology
Crime Desistance - ANSWER Decreased criminal activity
Cognitive Social Learning Theory - ANSWER A learning theory of crime that
attends to both social and cognitive factors as well as behaviour.
PIC-R Theory - ANSWER States that criminal behaviour reflects on "immeidate
situational factors" that influence decision to commit crime. Similar to comtemporary
criminologcal viewpoints
Dynamic risk factors - ANSWER Risk factors that are not static and can change
dependent on criminal behavior
Criminogenic factors and needs - ANSWER Changeable risk factors that, when
reduced, result in reduced criminal behaviour, are correlated (Dynamic Risk Factors)
Crime rate - ANSWER Information of police-reported incidents that occur within a
given population
Crime Severity Index - ANSWER Measures police-reported crime in Canada taking
into account the volume and seriousness of a particular crime
Meta-analysis - ANSWER Combine the results of individual studies and develop
one averaged effect size for all the studies combined. dichotomous variable then the
AUC is reported
Centeral 8 Risk Factors (Big 4 included) - ANSWER Big 4: History of Antisocial
Behaviour, Antisocial Personality Pattern, Antisocial Cognition, Antisocial Cogniitons
Moderate 4: Family School, Leisure, Substance Abuse
Evidence-Based Practice - ANSWER Research and clinical knowledge that
describes correctional assessment, program or supervision strategy that lead to
outcomes such as rehabiliation and increased public safety
,Causal mechanisms, mediators, and moderators (Unit 2) - ANSWER Mechanisms:
Causes a direct behavior (X causes Y) Can be tested by independent variable but
often unethical
Mediators: Variables that explain connections between X & Y
Moderators: Variables that cause the relationship between X & Y
Neurotransmitters - ANSWER Chemical messengers of the brain
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins - ANSWER MZ are identical twins
DZ are fraternal twins
Warrior gene - ANSWER Otherwise known as the MAOA gene, expresses
antisocial behavior and aggression/violence
Testosterone, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine - ANSWER Testosterone:
develops and maintains primary and secondary characteristics, family of androgens
Serotonin: Important role for behavioural inhibition and mood regulation, produced
from amino acid tryptophan, malfunction levels lead to impulse and aggression
Norepinephrine: Signals reactions to short term stress, high levels correlate to
aggression
Dopamine: Causes feelings of pleasure but can be artificially made from drugs
Presynaptic and postsynaptic cells - ANSWER Pre is the sender and uses axons
synaptic terminals to transmit message to the receiver or the postsynaptic cell using
dendrites
Behavioural activation system (BAS) - ANSWER Reward-seeking system that
responds to incentives/rewards
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) - ANSWER Avoidance system for stopping
behaviors in face of punishment
Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes - ANSWER Frontal: Several higher order
functions like reasoning, morals, violence, aggression
Parietal: Integrates sensory info related to movement and space
Temporal: Implicated in production of aggression
Limbic system - ANSWER Associated with amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate
genus with relation to emotion and those related to it sweating + flight or fight
response
Executive functioning - ANSWER Refers to cognitive functioning involving future
goal-oriented behavior, organizational skills found to be associated with frontal lobe
Proximate explanations - ANSWER Identify which factors in someones immediate
environment cause certain behaviors also ask how behavior develops overtime
Distal (ultimate) explanations - ANSWER Ask questions about function and
adaptation for species
, Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER Human mind comes equipped with numerous
mechanisms that have designed and maintained through selection
Life-course persistent offenders - ANSWER Begin committing serious antisocial
acts prior to adolesence and continue into adulthood, commit crimes through life
Adolescent limited offenders - ANSWER Engage in mild forms of anti sociality, start
at puberty and end in early adulthood, interactions with high risk child and
environment, commit crimes only as kids
Psychopathy - ANSWER Caused by combination of manipulation, lying, inability to
feel empathy, risk-taking, irresponsibility
Polymorphism - ANSWER Situation where alternative versions of a discrete trait
exist naturally
Principle of frequency-dependent selection - ANSWER Phenotypic expression will
no longer be adaptive because its success is dependent on its rarity in comparison
to its sister
Id, Ego, Supergo (Unit 3) - ANSWER Id: Pleasure seeking and destructive impulses
(Devil)
Ego: Mediate between primal needs and society demands
Superego: Internalizations of group standards (Angel)
Reality Principle and Pleasure Principle - ANSWER Pleasure: Seeks immediate
pleasure with little consideration of consequences
Reality: Allows id to function in socially acceptable way
Ego-Ideal - ANSWER Represents socially acceptable standards
Deviant Identification - ANSWER Identifying with a deviant role model
Neurotic Criminal - ANSWER Commits crime due to harsh superego
Maternal Deprivation - ANSWER Young children require consistent and continuous
maternal care in order for them to develop normally
Cross-Sectional Research - ANSWER Comparing lives of juvenile delinquents with
non-juyveniles (polar opposites)
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER Same group is observed multiple times
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement and Belief - ANSWER Attachment: Interest
in others (Parents, Friends, Teachers)
Commitment: Time, energy and effort place in conventional behaviour
Involvement: Time and energy spent on activities that line with conventional interests
Belief: View that people should obey common rules
