CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY; REVIWED
REVISION QUESTIONS AND THEIR
ANSWERS
Name the types of Diuretics
Thiazides, Loop diuretics, K+ Sparring
Mechanism of action of Thiazides
Thiazide diuretics work primarily by inhibiting the Na-Cl
cotransporter located on the apical membrane of the distal
convoluted tubule in the kidneys. This inhibition leads to
an increase in the excretion of sodium and chloride,
resulting in increased urine production. Additionally,
thiazides enhance calcium reabsorption, which can lead to
decreased urinary calcium levels and increased blood
calcium levels.
Whaat are the adverse effects of thiazides
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperlipidemia
SLE like sympptoms can be caused by which drug?
Hydralazine
Which antihypertensive drug are centrally acting?
Methyldopa and Chlonidine
After taking medication for hypertension, patient
developed gout. What drug did the patient take
Diuretics
Name 2 potassium sparing diuretics.
spironolactone, amiloride
What is the site of action of furosemide?
,Furosemide is a loop diuretic and it acts on the ascending
loop of henle
Mechanism of action of potassium sparring diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics act to prevent sodium
reabsorption in the collecting tubule by either binding
ENaCs (amiloride, triamterene) or by inhibiting
aldosterone receptors (spironolactone, eplerenone). This
prevents excessive excretion of K+ in urine and decreased
retention of water, preventing hypokalemia.
It prevents potassium secretion by antagonising the
effects of aldosterone in collecting tubeules.
Indicated in aldostoronism,
Gynocomastia is a side effect of which
antihypertensive drug?
Spironolactone
1. A 70 year old man with a history of chronic heart
failure goes on vacation and abandons his low-salt
diet. Three days later, he develops severe shortness
of breath and is admitted to the local hospital
emergency department with significant pulmonary
edema. Which of the following has been shown to
prolong life in patients with chronic congestive failure
in spite of having a negative inotropic effect on
cardiac contractility?
A) Metoprolol
B) Atenolol
C) Carvedilol
D) Furosemide
E) Propranolol
Furosemide
,1. A 52 year-old man attends his general practitioner
for a review of his blood pressure control. He was
found to be hypertensive at a routine physical
assessment 6 month earlier and since been
attempting to improve his diet and increase the
amount of exercise. Blood pressure is 158/92mmHg.
Which of the following drug we prescribed?
A) Enalapril
B) Propranolol
C) Hydrochlorothiazide
D) Nifedipine
E) Amlodipine
Enalapril
Which drug inhibits the converting enzyme
dipeptidase that hydrolyses angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, and therefore, inactivating bradykinin?
ACE inhibitors
Enalapril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril are examples
of...
ACE inhibitors
Q2) Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
are among the first-line drugs for managing essential
hypertension (prehypertension or stage 1
hypertension). However, in contrast with the main
alternatives (thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics,
blockers or calcium channel blockers), the ACE
inhibitors are associated with a comparatively high
incidence of
a rather unusual adverse reaction. Which of the
following is that?
a) Hepatitis
, b) Hypokalaemia
c) Bradycardia often involving AV block
d) Hirsutism
e) Proteinuria renal insufficiency
Proteinuria ranal insufficiency
Losartan, valsartan are...
ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers)
16) A 40 year-old woman with a history of poorly
controlled thyrotoxicosis has recurrent episodes of
tachycardia with severe shortness of breath. During
elective surgery to remove her thyroid, she develops a
heart rate of 200 bpm with a slightly decreased blood
pressure. Which of the following drugs would be most
suitable?
A) Esmolol
B) Nitroprusside
C) Disopyramide
D) Adenosine
E) Amiodarone
Esmolol
1. A 62-year-old woman with essential hypertension
and stable angina develops biliteral ankle edema.
Which was the most likely cause?
a) Nitroglycerine
b) Verapamil
c) Captopril
d) Indapamide
e) Atrovastatin
f) Labetalol
Verapamil
REVISION QUESTIONS AND THEIR
ANSWERS
Name the types of Diuretics
Thiazides, Loop diuretics, K+ Sparring
Mechanism of action of Thiazides
Thiazide diuretics work primarily by inhibiting the Na-Cl
cotransporter located on the apical membrane of the distal
convoluted tubule in the kidneys. This inhibition leads to
an increase in the excretion of sodium and chloride,
resulting in increased urine production. Additionally,
thiazides enhance calcium reabsorption, which can lead to
decreased urinary calcium levels and increased blood
calcium levels.
Whaat are the adverse effects of thiazides
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperlipidemia
SLE like sympptoms can be caused by which drug?
Hydralazine
Which antihypertensive drug are centrally acting?
Methyldopa and Chlonidine
After taking medication for hypertension, patient
developed gout. What drug did the patient take
Diuretics
Name 2 potassium sparing diuretics.
spironolactone, amiloride
What is the site of action of furosemide?
,Furosemide is a loop diuretic and it acts on the ascending
loop of henle
Mechanism of action of potassium sparring diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics act to prevent sodium
reabsorption in the collecting tubule by either binding
ENaCs (amiloride, triamterene) or by inhibiting
aldosterone receptors (spironolactone, eplerenone). This
prevents excessive excretion of K+ in urine and decreased
retention of water, preventing hypokalemia.
It prevents potassium secretion by antagonising the
effects of aldosterone in collecting tubeules.
Indicated in aldostoronism,
Gynocomastia is a side effect of which
antihypertensive drug?
Spironolactone
1. A 70 year old man with a history of chronic heart
failure goes on vacation and abandons his low-salt
diet. Three days later, he develops severe shortness
of breath and is admitted to the local hospital
emergency department with significant pulmonary
edema. Which of the following has been shown to
prolong life in patients with chronic congestive failure
in spite of having a negative inotropic effect on
cardiac contractility?
A) Metoprolol
B) Atenolol
C) Carvedilol
D) Furosemide
E) Propranolol
Furosemide
,1. A 52 year-old man attends his general practitioner
for a review of his blood pressure control. He was
found to be hypertensive at a routine physical
assessment 6 month earlier and since been
attempting to improve his diet and increase the
amount of exercise. Blood pressure is 158/92mmHg.
Which of the following drug we prescribed?
A) Enalapril
B) Propranolol
C) Hydrochlorothiazide
D) Nifedipine
E) Amlodipine
Enalapril
Which drug inhibits the converting enzyme
dipeptidase that hydrolyses angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, and therefore, inactivating bradykinin?
ACE inhibitors
Enalapril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril are examples
of...
ACE inhibitors
Q2) Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
are among the first-line drugs for managing essential
hypertension (prehypertension or stage 1
hypertension). However, in contrast with the main
alternatives (thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics,
blockers or calcium channel blockers), the ACE
inhibitors are associated with a comparatively high
incidence of
a rather unusual adverse reaction. Which of the
following is that?
a) Hepatitis
, b) Hypokalaemia
c) Bradycardia often involving AV block
d) Hirsutism
e) Proteinuria renal insufficiency
Proteinuria ranal insufficiency
Losartan, valsartan are...
ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers)
16) A 40 year-old woman with a history of poorly
controlled thyrotoxicosis has recurrent episodes of
tachycardia with severe shortness of breath. During
elective surgery to remove her thyroid, she develops a
heart rate of 200 bpm with a slightly decreased blood
pressure. Which of the following drugs would be most
suitable?
A) Esmolol
B) Nitroprusside
C) Disopyramide
D) Adenosine
E) Amiodarone
Esmolol
1. A 62-year-old woman with essential hypertension
and stable angina develops biliteral ankle edema.
Which was the most likely cause?
a) Nitroglycerine
b) Verapamil
c) Captopril
d) Indapamide
e) Atrovastatin
f) Labetalol
Verapamil
