CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ; EXAM
REVISION QUESTIONS AND THEIR
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is clinical pharmacology
the study of the clinical effects of drugs on patients with
the goal of optimizing therapeutic strategies
Define Pharmacodynamics
study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs,
their mode of action and the relationship between drug
concentration and effect.
what the drug does to the body
Define pharmacokinetics
study of the characteristics of the time course and extent
of drug exposure in individuals and populations
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion).
what the body does to the drug
What different types of drugs are there, broadly (5)
1.interact with ion channels
2.interact with nuclear receptors
3.enzymes
4.interact with G-protein coupled receptors
5.interact with receptor kinases
What drugs that affect VGNa/CaCh
,- Local anesthetics
- Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin)
- Antidysrhythmic drugs
What drugs affect Ligand gated channels
- Sedatives
- Benzodiazepines
- Barbiturates
What drugs affect enzymes
1.Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
2.Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
COX-1 inhibitors
COX-2 inhibitor
3.Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
What are 4 families of GPCR
1.Rhodopsin family
2.Secretin/glucagon family
3.Adrenoceptors
4.Metabotropic glutamate family
(calcium sensor family)
What are kinase linked receptors associated with (2)
so what could drugs do to affect these
1. growth factors
2. cytokines
antagonists or agonists of GFs or CKs
Which of the following receptors elicits the quickest
response?
ion channel receptors
, What receptors lead to the fastest and slowest
responses upon activation
ion channel vs nuclear
Define Affinity. What is it measured by?
strength of binding between drug and receptor
measured by the dissociation constant Kd (50%
occupancy)
Define efficacy
Strength of response of the drug after binding to the
receptor
Define agonist
drug which alters cellular responses on occupancy of
receptors
define strong agonist
causes a maximal response even when only a small
number of receptors are occupied
define weak agonist
only causes a maximal response when large number of
receptors are occupied
define partial agonist
drug which fails to produce a maximal response even
when all the receptors are occupied
eg. buprenorphine
define antagonist
drug which binds to the receptor producing no cellular
effect, but inhibits access of agonists to the receptor site
hence preventing their effects.
Draw a dose response curve for a full agonist and
partial agonist
How do competitive antagonists work
competes with agonist for receptors;
REVISION QUESTIONS AND THEIR
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is clinical pharmacology
the study of the clinical effects of drugs on patients with
the goal of optimizing therapeutic strategies
Define Pharmacodynamics
study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs,
their mode of action and the relationship between drug
concentration and effect.
what the drug does to the body
Define pharmacokinetics
study of the characteristics of the time course and extent
of drug exposure in individuals and populations
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion).
what the body does to the drug
What different types of drugs are there, broadly (5)
1.interact with ion channels
2.interact with nuclear receptors
3.enzymes
4.interact with G-protein coupled receptors
5.interact with receptor kinases
What drugs that affect VGNa/CaCh
,- Local anesthetics
- Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin)
- Antidysrhythmic drugs
What drugs affect Ligand gated channels
- Sedatives
- Benzodiazepines
- Barbiturates
What drugs affect enzymes
1.Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
2.Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
COX-1 inhibitors
COX-2 inhibitor
3.Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
What are 4 families of GPCR
1.Rhodopsin family
2.Secretin/glucagon family
3.Adrenoceptors
4.Metabotropic glutamate family
(calcium sensor family)
What are kinase linked receptors associated with (2)
so what could drugs do to affect these
1. growth factors
2. cytokines
antagonists or agonists of GFs or CKs
Which of the following receptors elicits the quickest
response?
ion channel receptors
, What receptors lead to the fastest and slowest
responses upon activation
ion channel vs nuclear
Define Affinity. What is it measured by?
strength of binding between drug and receptor
measured by the dissociation constant Kd (50%
occupancy)
Define efficacy
Strength of response of the drug after binding to the
receptor
Define agonist
drug which alters cellular responses on occupancy of
receptors
define strong agonist
causes a maximal response even when only a small
number of receptors are occupied
define weak agonist
only causes a maximal response when large number of
receptors are occupied
define partial agonist
drug which fails to produce a maximal response even
when all the receptors are occupied
eg. buprenorphine
define antagonist
drug which binds to the receptor producing no cellular
effect, but inhibits access of agonists to the receptor site
hence preventing their effects.
Draw a dose response curve for a full agonist and
partial agonist
How do competitive antagonists work
competes with agonist for receptors;
