CEREBRO VASCULAR
ACCIDENT
1
, INDEX
PAGE.
SL.NO CONTENTS NO.
1. INTRODUCTION-NERVOUS SYSTEM 2
2 DEFINITION 20
3 ETIOLOGY 21
4. CLASSIFICATION 26
5 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 26
6. CLINICAL FEATURES 36
7. DIAGNOSIS 41
8 MANAGEMENY 42
9. COMPLICATION 53
10. RECENT TRENDS 56
11. PATIENT PICTURE 59
12. CONCLUSION 62
12. REFERENCES 63
2
,Introduction
The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all functions of the body, interprets
information from the outside world, and embodies the essence of the mind and soul.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few of the many things governed by the
brain. Protected within the skull, the brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brainstem. The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste,
and hearing - often many at one time. It assembles the messages in a way that has meaning for
us, and can store that information in our memory. The brain controls our thoughts, memory
and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body.
Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system (PNS) is composed of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord and cranial nerves
that branch from the brain.
Brain
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum: The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises grey matter (the cerebral cortex) and
white matter at its canter. It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left
hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing.
3
, Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord.
The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities,
including heart rhythm, breathing, and blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The
medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.
The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a large opening in the
bottom of the skull
Right brain – left brain
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres. They are joined by a
bundle of fibres called the corpus callosum that transmits messages from one side to the other.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke occurs on the right side of
the brain, left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed. Not all functions of the hemispheres are
shared. In general, the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left
hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people
The cerebrum is divided into left and
right hemispheres. The two sides are connected by the nerve fibres corpus callosum.
Lobes of the brain
The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into lobes. Each
hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital. Each lobe may be divided,
once again, into areas that serve very specific functions. It’s important to understand that each
4
ACCIDENT
1
, INDEX
PAGE.
SL.NO CONTENTS NO.
1. INTRODUCTION-NERVOUS SYSTEM 2
2 DEFINITION 20
3 ETIOLOGY 21
4. CLASSIFICATION 26
5 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 26
6. CLINICAL FEATURES 36
7. DIAGNOSIS 41
8 MANAGEMENY 42
9. COMPLICATION 53
10. RECENT TRENDS 56
11. PATIENT PICTURE 59
12. CONCLUSION 62
12. REFERENCES 63
2
,Introduction
The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all functions of the body, interprets
information from the outside world, and embodies the essence of the mind and soul.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few of the many things governed by the
brain. Protected within the skull, the brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brainstem. The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste,
and hearing - often many at one time. It assembles the messages in a way that has meaning for
us, and can store that information in our memory. The brain controls our thoughts, memory
and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body.
Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system (PNS) is composed of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord and cranial nerves
that branch from the brain.
Brain
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum: The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises grey matter (the cerebral cortex) and
white matter at its canter. It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left
hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing.
3
, Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord.
The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities,
including heart rhythm, breathing, and blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The
medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.
The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a large opening in the
bottom of the skull
Right brain – left brain
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres. They are joined by a
bundle of fibres called the corpus callosum that transmits messages from one side to the other.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke occurs on the right side of
the brain, left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed. Not all functions of the hemispheres are
shared. In general, the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left
hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people
The cerebrum is divided into left and
right hemispheres. The two sides are connected by the nerve fibres corpus callosum.
Lobes of the brain
The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into lobes. Each
hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital. Each lobe may be divided,
once again, into areas that serve very specific functions. It’s important to understand that each
4
