PHSL232 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% CORRECT
Lecture 1) What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system - ANSWER 1) To
supply organs with an adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients
2) Removal of unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
3) Transport of substances +Heat (Diffusion alone is not enough)
Where does diffusion and bulk flow occur in the body - ANSWER -Diffusion in lungs and
tissues
-Bulk flow over long distances
What is myocardium - ANSWER Cardiac muscle cells
What has thicker walls, atria or ventricles? - ANSWER Ventricles
Is the left or right ventricle thicker? - ANSWER Left
What are the two atrioventricular valves - ANSWER Mitral valve
Tricuspid
Which sides are the AV valves on - ANSWER Mitral=Left
Tricuspid=Right
What are the two semilunar valves - ANSWER Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
,What are the two physiological factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
ANSWER Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
What is the equation for cardiac output - ANSWER CO=SV*HR
What are the two physical factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
ANSWER Arterial blood volume
Arterial compliance
What is the equation for pressure - ANSWER Flow*resistance
What is the equation for poiseuille's law - ANSWER R=8nl/Pir^4
What is the pressure range for ventricles - ANSWER 5-250mmHg-pulsatile
What is the pressure range for arteries - ANSWER 60-250mmHg-pulsatile
What type of vessels are arterioles - ANSWER Resistance vessels
-Loss of pulsatility
Are capillaries, venules and veins pulsatile - ANSWER Non-pulsatile
What is the function of distensible large arteries - ANSWER Stretch and recoil to
dampen pulsatility and keeps capillary flow constant during cardiac cycle
Lecture 2) What occurs during diastole - ANSWER Ventricles relax and heart fills with
blood
,What occurs during systole - ANSWER Ventricles contract
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) are valves open or closed - ANSWER All valves
shut
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is there any blood flow - ANSWER No
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what are the ventricles doing - ANSWER
Relaxing
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is atrial pressure higher or lower than
ventricular - ANSWER Lower
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) as the atrium fills with returning blood, does
the AV valve open passively? - ANSWER Yes
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what is the last step - ANSWER Ventricular
filling begins
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling), does ~90% of ventricular filling occur passively
down a pressure gradient - ANSWER Yes
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the P wave on ECG represent - ANSWER
Atrial depolarisation
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial depol cause - ANSWER Atrial
contraction
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial pressure rise to - ANSWER
~5mmHg
, During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the rise in atrial pressure cause -
ANSWER Last 10% of blood is ejected from atrium to ventricle
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what is the end-diastolic volume at rest - ANSWER
~130ml
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) at the start the ventricles are filled, what does
the QRS complex represent on the ECG - ANSWER Ventricles depolarise
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what does ventricular depol cause - ANSWER
Ventricular contraction
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what happens to the AV valve as ventricular
pressure rises - ANSWER AV valve closes (First heart sound)
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), is there any blood flow after the valves shut? -
ANSWER No blood flow
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) , Isovolumic contraction then occurs which
causes what - ANSWER Ventricular pressure is generated
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) what happens when ventricular pressure
exceeds aortic pressure - ANSWER Aortic valve opens, which marks the beginning of
ventricular ejection
During Systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), the aortic valve opens and what happens -
ANSWER Blood is ejected into the aorta
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what happens to arterial blood pressure and
blood volume - ANSWER Both increase
100% CORRECT
Lecture 1) What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system - ANSWER 1) To
supply organs with an adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients
2) Removal of unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
3) Transport of substances +Heat (Diffusion alone is not enough)
Where does diffusion and bulk flow occur in the body - ANSWER -Diffusion in lungs and
tissues
-Bulk flow over long distances
What is myocardium - ANSWER Cardiac muscle cells
What has thicker walls, atria or ventricles? - ANSWER Ventricles
Is the left or right ventricle thicker? - ANSWER Left
What are the two atrioventricular valves - ANSWER Mitral valve
Tricuspid
Which sides are the AV valves on - ANSWER Mitral=Left
Tricuspid=Right
What are the two semilunar valves - ANSWER Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
,What are the two physiological factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
ANSWER Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
What is the equation for cardiac output - ANSWER CO=SV*HR
What are the two physical factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
ANSWER Arterial blood volume
Arterial compliance
What is the equation for pressure - ANSWER Flow*resistance
What is the equation for poiseuille's law - ANSWER R=8nl/Pir^4
What is the pressure range for ventricles - ANSWER 5-250mmHg-pulsatile
What is the pressure range for arteries - ANSWER 60-250mmHg-pulsatile
What type of vessels are arterioles - ANSWER Resistance vessels
-Loss of pulsatility
Are capillaries, venules and veins pulsatile - ANSWER Non-pulsatile
What is the function of distensible large arteries - ANSWER Stretch and recoil to
dampen pulsatility and keeps capillary flow constant during cardiac cycle
Lecture 2) What occurs during diastole - ANSWER Ventricles relax and heart fills with
blood
,What occurs during systole - ANSWER Ventricles contract
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) are valves open or closed - ANSWER All valves
shut
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is there any blood flow - ANSWER No
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what are the ventricles doing - ANSWER
Relaxing
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is atrial pressure higher or lower than
ventricular - ANSWER Lower
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) as the atrium fills with returning blood, does
the AV valve open passively? - ANSWER Yes
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what is the last step - ANSWER Ventricular
filling begins
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling), does ~90% of ventricular filling occur passively
down a pressure gradient - ANSWER Yes
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the P wave on ECG represent - ANSWER
Atrial depolarisation
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial depol cause - ANSWER Atrial
contraction
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial pressure rise to - ANSWER
~5mmHg
, During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the rise in atrial pressure cause -
ANSWER Last 10% of blood is ejected from atrium to ventricle
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what is the end-diastolic volume at rest - ANSWER
~130ml
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) at the start the ventricles are filled, what does
the QRS complex represent on the ECG - ANSWER Ventricles depolarise
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what does ventricular depol cause - ANSWER
Ventricular contraction
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what happens to the AV valve as ventricular
pressure rises - ANSWER AV valve closes (First heart sound)
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), is there any blood flow after the valves shut? -
ANSWER No blood flow
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) , Isovolumic contraction then occurs which
causes what - ANSWER Ventricular pressure is generated
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) what happens when ventricular pressure
exceeds aortic pressure - ANSWER Aortic valve opens, which marks the beginning of
ventricular ejection
During Systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), the aortic valve opens and what happens -
ANSWER Blood is ejected into the aorta
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what happens to arterial blood pressure and
blood volume - ANSWER Both increase
