20th Century Wars
World War One - european theatre World War Two - pacific theatre
=> Militarization of Economies => Japan’s resource dependency
Short term Econmic - Countries devoted larger shares of GDP - Japan has few natural resources
Causes of War to expanding navies + armies - Japan relied on imports to fuel
- Eg. By 1914 over 35% of German GDP = military-industrial complex
military. Compared to 13% in 1906. - Japan had little raw materials needed to
- Amplied security dilemmas as neighbors produce armaments eg aluminium, rubber, tin
spent more = keeps increasing etc.
Link: Spending fueled arms races, difficult to halt - Sanctions threatened to cripple economy +
due to concerns of security - geared country military capabilities
towards a war - Over-reliance of trade = Increased fears of
economic vulnerability of foreign powers
=> Dependence on Raw Material Exports Link: This reliance of trade made japanese more
- Germany + Britain relied on overseas economically vulnerable. It is what made sanctions
trade flows for eg. cotton, rubber, foods. (below point) effective in japanese pursuit of more
- Eg. By 1913 Germany imported 27% of aggressive/urgent expansionist aims
good from overseas = cutoff threatened
unrest => Germany backed Austria’s war
on Serbia to preserve alliance system => Western economic sanctions/embargoes
- British empire relid on command of - Japan’s aggressive expansionism in China +
global shipping lanes southeast asia = US implemented sanctions
Link: Revealed how vulnerable countries were - vital resource imports eg. oil, iron, steel to
could be exploited, commerical interests are Japan.
crucial to preserve. - Lack of resources = threat to functioning of
wartime economy
HP. Saul => economic stakes of imperialism - At the time Japan imported over 80% of oil at
impacted diplomacy, more to loose by backing the time = sanctions cut hindered fleet almost
down immedietly
- US supplied over 90% of japan’s aviation
gasoline = impacted air force to a halt
- July 1941 = US/UK froze japanese assets
Link: Sanctions limited Japan’s access to necessary
raw materials to fuel their expansionist aims - created
solution of more aggressive expansion in asia to
acquire colonies’ raw materials
HP. Japan began a drive for expansionism due to its
industrialization outpacing domestic supplies
, => Militarism => Japanese Militarism
Ideological - European countries began to glorify - Kodoha faction within Army were pushing for
military strength - pursuit of aggressive totalitarian military state + removal of
defense policies involving large conscript parlimentary democracy = expansionst goals
- More moderate civilian leaders were replaced
armies
with Militarists eg. Tojo = prioritized army’s
- More ‘war party’ factions gained
agenda over other concerns in policymaking
influence - belief that conflict inevitable - After acquring Manchuria = Kwantung Army
- Eg. War plans acted more independently of Tokyo - set
- All euorpean made war plans precedent that military could determine
regarding what they would do in strategy more
the event of a war breaking out - Eg. Pearl harbour
- German Schlieffen plan = While - Attack on the US to destory air craft
Russia was mobilising - invade carriers to diffuse threat of US
presence in pacific that would have
France through Beligum, Holland
undermined japanese success
and Luxembourg (to pass
- US imposed trade sanctions +
German-French border embargo eg. Oil
defenses). Then encircle paris - Gov negotiations with US - Hull note
after capture and move to meet said to withdraw forces in China
mobilised russian troops along - More agressives acts
eastern front - Eg. Manchuria
- France = Plan 17 - high speed - Increasing power of military = attack
mobilisation + capture of Alsance devised by Kwantung Army
and Lorraine - Had not been part of gov policy but
- Russia = plan to attack AH and was accepted
Germany - Shows more presence of militarism in
- AH = Pan R and Plan B - different foreign policy
in allocation of troops to fight Link: ultranationalist permeated politics and society -
Russia/Serbia led to gov to pursue aggressive militarist factions
Link: Nationalism als opermeated politics + pushing for rapid expansion etc.
society = pursuit of aggressive militarist actions
for security and ambition.
=> Racial Ideology
=> The July Crisis (immediate cause) - - More propaganda spreading notions of racial
superioirty + divine emperor worship through
natioonalism
textbooks + public speeches
- June 28 1914 = Gavrilo Princip (Blank
- Eg. Pamphlets such as ‘Japan’s Mission in
Hand movement) (serb), shot Asia’ = portrayed invasion of China + vision of
‘Co-Prosperity Sphere’ - almost ‘racial
, Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz empowerment
Ferdinand in Bosnia. Link: more theories of japanese racial supremacy +
- Serbs in Bosnia resented Austria’s divine right to subjugate other asians. Used to
annexation of region in 1908 - wanted legiitimized oppression of acquired territories.
Bosnia to join the independent country of
HP. Young => racial supremacism drove Japan’s
Serbia
determination to control Asia
- AH. saw opportunity to crush Serbia as
they were weak and still recovering from
Balkan Wars - hesitant as attack on
Serbia = Russia involvement => sought
assurance from Germany
- Germany gave Austria ‘blank cheque’
guaranteeing unconditional support
- Ultimatum sent to Serbia from AH -
rejection of a term = excuse for invasion
=> Mobilisation of Russia, German,
French, and British Troops => War
Link: Slav nationalism triggered an outburst that
resulted in the july crisis which led to WW2
HP. Fischer => German leadership saw stopping
Serbian independence as ideologically crucial to
control Central Europe - thus Slav nationalist
challenged German dominance heightening
tensions
=> Failures of Diplomacy - July 1914 Crisis => Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany and Italy
Political - Various courties opposition to diplomatic 1940
intiatives failures as they all had their - Aligned Japan with the expansionist Axis and
own aims weakened previous cooperation with the west
- Eg. of diplomatic solution during JUly - Rasied concerns for allies by formalizing
Crisis = communications between gov & Japan with two aggressive powers threatening
kaiser/tsar western colonies
- July 1914 Kaiser sent several
telegrams to Tsar telling him to
, back down from his support to Link: Japan more closely linked to axis powers +
Serbia - suggestion of territorial aggression, exacerbating tensions with the
cooperation to prevent wider US and allies.
conflict. Tsar commited to Serbia.
Efforts were half-hearted. => Japan’s occupation of French Indochina
- Germany was pursuing a policy of - Seen as a provocative act that threatened
‘calculated risk’ - rejection of diplomacy western colonial interests in southeast asia
and small steps to accumulate in german - Led to increased sanctions and embargoes on
escalation = opposition to diplomatic Japan
initiatives. - This movement cut supply lines to nationalist
- Germany assumed that Russia, China = alarmed western interests
France, and Britain would not - Seen as attempts to capitalize on europe’s
intervene - thus, taking small distraction and expand control of
aggressive acts - eg. blank resources/influence
cheque to AH. - Provoked US oil and steel embargos
- Blank cheque = ambiguous Link: Created more political tensions and tone of
wording leaving room for uncertainity to provoke
misinterpretation = calculated risk
in trusting AH AND assuming that HP. Willmott => Japan’s alignment with Axis allies
allies would not retaliate. pulled it towards war, cutting off other choices for
- Immediate consequences of failure of diplomacy.
diplomacy = outbreak of war
Link: Diplomacy was alwasy half-hearted or
defused with own desires - led to attempts for
long-term peace.
HP. Hamilton => At the time in most nations real
political power was concentrated among
militaristic elites rather than populations less
keen for war - which made negotiations to
prevent a war even more hard - failures of
democracy
=>Escalatory arms race
- Increase in armament expenditure -
suspicion by rivals - atmosphere of
mutual fear and suspension - created a
mood for war in 1914
World War One - european theatre World War Two - pacific theatre
=> Militarization of Economies => Japan’s resource dependency
Short term Econmic - Countries devoted larger shares of GDP - Japan has few natural resources
Causes of War to expanding navies + armies - Japan relied on imports to fuel
- Eg. By 1914 over 35% of German GDP = military-industrial complex
military. Compared to 13% in 1906. - Japan had little raw materials needed to
- Amplied security dilemmas as neighbors produce armaments eg aluminium, rubber, tin
spent more = keeps increasing etc.
Link: Spending fueled arms races, difficult to halt - Sanctions threatened to cripple economy +
due to concerns of security - geared country military capabilities
towards a war - Over-reliance of trade = Increased fears of
economic vulnerability of foreign powers
=> Dependence on Raw Material Exports Link: This reliance of trade made japanese more
- Germany + Britain relied on overseas economically vulnerable. It is what made sanctions
trade flows for eg. cotton, rubber, foods. (below point) effective in japanese pursuit of more
- Eg. By 1913 Germany imported 27% of aggressive/urgent expansionist aims
good from overseas = cutoff threatened
unrest => Germany backed Austria’s war
on Serbia to preserve alliance system => Western economic sanctions/embargoes
- British empire relid on command of - Japan’s aggressive expansionism in China +
global shipping lanes southeast asia = US implemented sanctions
Link: Revealed how vulnerable countries were - vital resource imports eg. oil, iron, steel to
could be exploited, commerical interests are Japan.
crucial to preserve. - Lack of resources = threat to functioning of
wartime economy
HP. Saul => economic stakes of imperialism - At the time Japan imported over 80% of oil at
impacted diplomacy, more to loose by backing the time = sanctions cut hindered fleet almost
down immedietly
- US supplied over 90% of japan’s aviation
gasoline = impacted air force to a halt
- July 1941 = US/UK froze japanese assets
Link: Sanctions limited Japan’s access to necessary
raw materials to fuel their expansionist aims - created
solution of more aggressive expansion in asia to
acquire colonies’ raw materials
HP. Japan began a drive for expansionism due to its
industrialization outpacing domestic supplies
, => Militarism => Japanese Militarism
Ideological - European countries began to glorify - Kodoha faction within Army were pushing for
military strength - pursuit of aggressive totalitarian military state + removal of
defense policies involving large conscript parlimentary democracy = expansionst goals
- More moderate civilian leaders were replaced
armies
with Militarists eg. Tojo = prioritized army’s
- More ‘war party’ factions gained
agenda over other concerns in policymaking
influence - belief that conflict inevitable - After acquring Manchuria = Kwantung Army
- Eg. War plans acted more independently of Tokyo - set
- All euorpean made war plans precedent that military could determine
regarding what they would do in strategy more
the event of a war breaking out - Eg. Pearl harbour
- German Schlieffen plan = While - Attack on the US to destory air craft
Russia was mobilising - invade carriers to diffuse threat of US
presence in pacific that would have
France through Beligum, Holland
undermined japanese success
and Luxembourg (to pass
- US imposed trade sanctions +
German-French border embargo eg. Oil
defenses). Then encircle paris - Gov negotiations with US - Hull note
after capture and move to meet said to withdraw forces in China
mobilised russian troops along - More agressives acts
eastern front - Eg. Manchuria
- France = Plan 17 - high speed - Increasing power of military = attack
mobilisation + capture of Alsance devised by Kwantung Army
and Lorraine - Had not been part of gov policy but
- Russia = plan to attack AH and was accepted
Germany - Shows more presence of militarism in
- AH = Pan R and Plan B - different foreign policy
in allocation of troops to fight Link: ultranationalist permeated politics and society -
Russia/Serbia led to gov to pursue aggressive militarist factions
Link: Nationalism als opermeated politics + pushing for rapid expansion etc.
society = pursuit of aggressive militarist actions
for security and ambition.
=> Racial Ideology
=> The July Crisis (immediate cause) - - More propaganda spreading notions of racial
superioirty + divine emperor worship through
natioonalism
textbooks + public speeches
- June 28 1914 = Gavrilo Princip (Blank
- Eg. Pamphlets such as ‘Japan’s Mission in
Hand movement) (serb), shot Asia’ = portrayed invasion of China + vision of
‘Co-Prosperity Sphere’ - almost ‘racial
, Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz empowerment
Ferdinand in Bosnia. Link: more theories of japanese racial supremacy +
- Serbs in Bosnia resented Austria’s divine right to subjugate other asians. Used to
annexation of region in 1908 - wanted legiitimized oppression of acquired territories.
Bosnia to join the independent country of
HP. Young => racial supremacism drove Japan’s
Serbia
determination to control Asia
- AH. saw opportunity to crush Serbia as
they were weak and still recovering from
Balkan Wars - hesitant as attack on
Serbia = Russia involvement => sought
assurance from Germany
- Germany gave Austria ‘blank cheque’
guaranteeing unconditional support
- Ultimatum sent to Serbia from AH -
rejection of a term = excuse for invasion
=> Mobilisation of Russia, German,
French, and British Troops => War
Link: Slav nationalism triggered an outburst that
resulted in the july crisis which led to WW2
HP. Fischer => German leadership saw stopping
Serbian independence as ideologically crucial to
control Central Europe - thus Slav nationalist
challenged German dominance heightening
tensions
=> Failures of Diplomacy - July 1914 Crisis => Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany and Italy
Political - Various courties opposition to diplomatic 1940
intiatives failures as they all had their - Aligned Japan with the expansionist Axis and
own aims weakened previous cooperation with the west
- Eg. of diplomatic solution during JUly - Rasied concerns for allies by formalizing
Crisis = communications between gov & Japan with two aggressive powers threatening
kaiser/tsar western colonies
- July 1914 Kaiser sent several
telegrams to Tsar telling him to
, back down from his support to Link: Japan more closely linked to axis powers +
Serbia - suggestion of territorial aggression, exacerbating tensions with the
cooperation to prevent wider US and allies.
conflict. Tsar commited to Serbia.
Efforts were half-hearted. => Japan’s occupation of French Indochina
- Germany was pursuing a policy of - Seen as a provocative act that threatened
‘calculated risk’ - rejection of diplomacy western colonial interests in southeast asia
and small steps to accumulate in german - Led to increased sanctions and embargoes on
escalation = opposition to diplomatic Japan
initiatives. - This movement cut supply lines to nationalist
- Germany assumed that Russia, China = alarmed western interests
France, and Britain would not - Seen as attempts to capitalize on europe’s
intervene - thus, taking small distraction and expand control of
aggressive acts - eg. blank resources/influence
cheque to AH. - Provoked US oil and steel embargos
- Blank cheque = ambiguous Link: Created more political tensions and tone of
wording leaving room for uncertainity to provoke
misinterpretation = calculated risk
in trusting AH AND assuming that HP. Willmott => Japan’s alignment with Axis allies
allies would not retaliate. pulled it towards war, cutting off other choices for
- Immediate consequences of failure of diplomacy.
diplomacy = outbreak of war
Link: Diplomacy was alwasy half-hearted or
defused with own desires - led to attempts for
long-term peace.
HP. Hamilton => At the time in most nations real
political power was concentrated among
militaristic elites rather than populations less
keen for war - which made negotiations to
prevent a war even more hard - failures of
democracy
=>Escalatory arms race
- Increase in armament expenditure -
suspicion by rivals - atmosphere of
mutual fear and suspension - created a
mood for war in 1914
