NUR 631 TESTBANK 2024 WITH WELL
EXPLAINED ANSWERS
What houses all of our genetic information in the cell?
Nucleus
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
What happens when a cell has impaired metabolism?
Increase in waste products.
How does water move between ICF and ECF
Osmosis-
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What happens during alkalosis
Ex. vomiting. body is getting rid of all the H leaving bicarb
Diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration
Disorders that cause metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting, by holding onto bicarb
What protein denotes an increased risk of neural tube defects during an
amniocentesis?
Alpha fetoprotein
What gets water moving in and out of cells?
Osmosis of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability (IQ <70)and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
,Wide spaced eyes
Flattened face
almond eyes
short neck
small ears,
Cardiac defects
Cognitive Defects
How can a mother prevent a child from getting Type 1 DM?
Type 1 DM is autoimmune with a heredity component. It cannot be prevented.
What genes maintain the cell during wound healing and inflammation.
housekeeping gene
Why do older adults take longer to heal?
Comorbidities delay healings.
What happens when a newborn does not have enough collectin proteins?
Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune
system. They are at a higher risk for respiratory infections.
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
The B-lymphocytes become mature B cells in the bone marrow
active acquired immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live
pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the
primary immune response. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced
by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.
Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
reaction is a form of immune-mediated reaction in which antibodies are directed
against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens. This antibody-mediated response
leads to cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
, Antibodies attach the antigens on the cell surface
Why do we give Rhogam?
used to prevent Rh immunization, a condition in which an individual with Rh-
negative blood develops antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood.
-at about 28 weeks of pregnancy and whenever your blood may mix with your
baby's, like during prenatal tests or delivery
-prevents hemolytic anemia in the newborn.
What happens at a cellular level during organ rejection?
The ability of recipient T cells to recognize donor-derived antigens, called
allorecognition, initiates allograft rejection. Once recipient T cells become
activated, they undergo clonal expansion, differentiate into effector cells, and
migrate into the graft where they promote tissue destruction.
-Body releases TH1 cells that release natural killer cells, cytokines (inflammation),
macrophages. They will attack the epithelial cells of the transplanted organ
Exotoxins
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the
host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly
potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or,
similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. (growth)
What type of cells controls fungal infections?
T-Lymphocytes and phagocytes help control fungal infections
The host immune response to fungal infection occurs in a coordinated way via
both innate and adaptive immune cells. Innate effector cells, mainly macrophages,
and neutrophils, are the first line of defense against inhaled fungal spores
During times of increased stress what hormone is excreted and what is its
effect on blood sugar?
Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the
bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of
substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be
nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation.
EXPLAINED ANSWERS
What houses all of our genetic information in the cell?
Nucleus
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
What happens when a cell has impaired metabolism?
Increase in waste products.
How does water move between ICF and ECF
Osmosis-
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What happens during alkalosis
Ex. vomiting. body is getting rid of all the H leaving bicarb
Diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration
Disorders that cause metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting, by holding onto bicarb
What protein denotes an increased risk of neural tube defects during an
amniocentesis?
Alpha fetoprotein
What gets water moving in and out of cells?
Osmosis of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability (IQ <70)and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
,Wide spaced eyes
Flattened face
almond eyes
short neck
small ears,
Cardiac defects
Cognitive Defects
How can a mother prevent a child from getting Type 1 DM?
Type 1 DM is autoimmune with a heredity component. It cannot be prevented.
What genes maintain the cell during wound healing and inflammation.
housekeeping gene
Why do older adults take longer to heal?
Comorbidities delay healings.
What happens when a newborn does not have enough collectin proteins?
Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune
system. They are at a higher risk for respiratory infections.
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
The B-lymphocytes become mature B cells in the bone marrow
active acquired immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live
pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the
primary immune response. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced
by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.
Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
reaction is a form of immune-mediated reaction in which antibodies are directed
against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens. This antibody-mediated response
leads to cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
, Antibodies attach the antigens on the cell surface
Why do we give Rhogam?
used to prevent Rh immunization, a condition in which an individual with Rh-
negative blood develops antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood.
-at about 28 weeks of pregnancy and whenever your blood may mix with your
baby's, like during prenatal tests or delivery
-prevents hemolytic anemia in the newborn.
What happens at a cellular level during organ rejection?
The ability of recipient T cells to recognize donor-derived antigens, called
allorecognition, initiates allograft rejection. Once recipient T cells become
activated, they undergo clonal expansion, differentiate into effector cells, and
migrate into the graft where they promote tissue destruction.
-Body releases TH1 cells that release natural killer cells, cytokines (inflammation),
macrophages. They will attack the epithelial cells of the transplanted organ
Exotoxins
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the
host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly
potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or,
similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. (growth)
What type of cells controls fungal infections?
T-Lymphocytes and phagocytes help control fungal infections
The host immune response to fungal infection occurs in a coordinated way via
both innate and adaptive immune cells. Innate effector cells, mainly macrophages,
and neutrophils, are the first line of defense against inhaled fungal spores
During times of increased stress what hormone is excreted and what is its
effect on blood sugar?
Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the
bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of
substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be
nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation.
