NURS2090 #2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025
structure of the cardiovascular system
Structure of the Cardiovascular System: made up of the heart and blood
vessels.System is a closed circuit with pulmonary and systemic circulation (Rt side
tolungs, Lt to the body)o Heart Layers: Endocardium (tissue that lines the heart),
Myocardium (muscular midlayer of the heart), Epicardium (thin-walled sac that
surrounds the heart andattaches it to diaphragm and thorax) Pericardium: Surrounds
the heart, Keeps heart in place, prevents overstretchingof heart, lubricates, protects
heart from infection Heart Structure: Septum divides heart into left and right sides. Atria
are thenseparated from ventricles (known as chambers) Conduction System: Heart
generates its own response (automaticity) SA node(pacemaker) (top of rt atrium), AV
junction, Bundle of His, Rt and Lt bundlebranches, Purkinje fibers (extend throughout
ventricular muscle) Valves: heart has 4 valves. 2 AV valves separate atria from
ventricles.Tricuspid valve separate rt atrium from rt ventricle. Mitral valve: separates
Ltatrium from Lt ventricle. 2 valves separate ventricles from the large vesselsthey fill.
Pulmonic valve separates rt ventricle from pulmonic artery. Aorticvalve separates Lt
ventricle from aorta.o Blood Vessels: Coronary blood vessels (rt and left coronary
arteries)arise from aorta and provide the myocardium with oxygenated blood. Fillwhen
heart relaxes
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
,Fluid located within the cells
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
All fluid outside of the cells
- Intravascular fluid
- Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid
Fluid inside the blood and lymphatic vessels;
- vascular volume is the most regulated aspect of fluid balance (BP maintenance)
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between the cells
Osmolality
The proportion of dissolved particles in a given weight of fluid (mOsm/kg)
Osmolarity
The concentration of dissolved substances in a given volume of fluid (mOsm/L).
- Normal serum osmolality range is from 280 to 300 mOsm/kg
- Hypothalamic cells monitor changes in body fluid osmolality and control secretion of
AntidiureticHormone (ADH) which adjusts amount of water excreted in urine.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher molecular concentration to an area of
lower concentration
Osmosis
,Movement of a fluid through a semi permeable membrane
Active transport
Process requiring energy by which molecules are moved across membranes from an
area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
Filtration
Transfer of water and dissolved substances through a permeable membrane from a
region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
the serum value of the electrolyte sodium (Na+)
135-145 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte potassium (K+)
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte Calcium (Ca++) (8.9-10.1 mg/dL)
4.3-5.3 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte magnesium (Mg++) (1.8-2.3 mg/dL)
1.5-1.9 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte chloride (Cl-)
95-108 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte bicarbonate (HCO3-)
22-26 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte Phosphate (HPO4-, H2PO4-) (2.5-4.5 mg/dL)
1.7-2.6 mEq/L
Hydrostatic pressure
Causes filtration of fluid from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
, Filtration pressure
Hydrostatic pressure minus osmotic pressure equals filtration pressure
Osmotic pressure
The force of attraction for water by undissolved particles which keeps fluid within blood
vessels and opposes net flow outward
factors that affect fluid and electrolyte balance
- Fluid and food intake
- Fluid and electrolyte output
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Diaphoresis
- Use of diuretics
- Stress
- Chronic illness
- Renal failure
- Cardiac failure
- Liver failure
- Respiratory failure
- Surgery
Considerations for the older adult
decreases in kidney mass, blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate
- 10% decrement per decade after age 30 years
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025
structure of the cardiovascular system
Structure of the Cardiovascular System: made up of the heart and blood
vessels.System is a closed circuit with pulmonary and systemic circulation (Rt side
tolungs, Lt to the body)o Heart Layers: Endocardium (tissue that lines the heart),
Myocardium (muscular midlayer of the heart), Epicardium (thin-walled sac that
surrounds the heart andattaches it to diaphragm and thorax) Pericardium: Surrounds
the heart, Keeps heart in place, prevents overstretchingof heart, lubricates, protects
heart from infection Heart Structure: Septum divides heart into left and right sides. Atria
are thenseparated from ventricles (known as chambers) Conduction System: Heart
generates its own response (automaticity) SA node(pacemaker) (top of rt atrium), AV
junction, Bundle of His, Rt and Lt bundlebranches, Purkinje fibers (extend throughout
ventricular muscle) Valves: heart has 4 valves. 2 AV valves separate atria from
ventricles.Tricuspid valve separate rt atrium from rt ventricle. Mitral valve: separates
Ltatrium from Lt ventricle. 2 valves separate ventricles from the large vesselsthey fill.
Pulmonic valve separates rt ventricle from pulmonic artery. Aorticvalve separates Lt
ventricle from aorta.o Blood Vessels: Coronary blood vessels (rt and left coronary
arteries)arise from aorta and provide the myocardium with oxygenated blood. Fillwhen
heart relaxes
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
,Fluid located within the cells
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
All fluid outside of the cells
- Intravascular fluid
- Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid
Fluid inside the blood and lymphatic vessels;
- vascular volume is the most regulated aspect of fluid balance (BP maintenance)
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between the cells
Osmolality
The proportion of dissolved particles in a given weight of fluid (mOsm/kg)
Osmolarity
The concentration of dissolved substances in a given volume of fluid (mOsm/L).
- Normal serum osmolality range is from 280 to 300 mOsm/kg
- Hypothalamic cells monitor changes in body fluid osmolality and control secretion of
AntidiureticHormone (ADH) which adjusts amount of water excreted in urine.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher molecular concentration to an area of
lower concentration
Osmosis
,Movement of a fluid through a semi permeable membrane
Active transport
Process requiring energy by which molecules are moved across membranes from an
area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
Filtration
Transfer of water and dissolved substances through a permeable membrane from a
region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
the serum value of the electrolyte sodium (Na+)
135-145 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte potassium (K+)
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte Calcium (Ca++) (8.9-10.1 mg/dL)
4.3-5.3 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte magnesium (Mg++) (1.8-2.3 mg/dL)
1.5-1.9 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte chloride (Cl-)
95-108 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte bicarbonate (HCO3-)
22-26 mEq/L
the serum value of the electrolyte Phosphate (HPO4-, H2PO4-) (2.5-4.5 mg/dL)
1.7-2.6 mEq/L
Hydrostatic pressure
Causes filtration of fluid from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
, Filtration pressure
Hydrostatic pressure minus osmotic pressure equals filtration pressure
Osmotic pressure
The force of attraction for water by undissolved particles which keeps fluid within blood
vessels and opposes net flow outward
factors that affect fluid and electrolyte balance
- Fluid and food intake
- Fluid and electrolyte output
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Diaphoresis
- Use of diuretics
- Stress
- Chronic illness
- Renal failure
- Cardiac failure
- Liver failure
- Respiratory failure
- Surgery
Considerations for the older adult
decreases in kidney mass, blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate
- 10% decrement per decade after age 30 years
