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156 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 156
If cardiac output remains constant, increasing stroke volume would decrease heart rate (recall
CO = HR x SV). Heart rate would decrease to allow more time for the ventricle to fill with blood.
This results in a greater contraction and stroke volume due to the Frank Starling Law. In addition,
with an increased stroke volume, fewer contractions are needed to transport blood through the
systemic circulation.
What effect does decreasing tube radius have on FEV1 %? Explain.
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
What effect does increasing stroke volume have on heart rate? Explain.
What effect does surfactant have on air flow? Explain.
Definition 2 of 156
Increasing the radius of the aorta also increases heart rate.
Recall that delta P = HR x SV x R (where CO = HR x SV). Given that pressure and SV are constant,
an increase in radius causes a decrease in resistance. To maintain a constant pressure, heart rate
increases to compensate for the decrease in resistance.
What effect does increasing contractility have on cardiac output and pressure? Explain
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on heart rate? Explain.
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
What effect does increasing preload have on cardiac output? Explain
,Term 3 of 156
Was there any difference in the PR interval between resting and exercise conditions? If so,
explain.
Tube radius is directly proportional the air flow. As the tube radius increases, air flow also
increases due to a decrease in resistance.
Yes, the blood pressure was higher when sitting compared to lying down. When a person is
sitting up, the heart needs to pump harder in order to pump blood against gravity to the
brain. Therefore, the blood pressure is greater. When lying down, the gravitational force is
no longer acting against blood flow to the head, so the blood does not need to pump as
hard. Therefore, the blood pressure would be lower.
Phosphate buffered Saline (PBS) to keep the solution from becoming too acidic or basic
Yes, the PR interval was shorter in the exercise condition than in the resting condition. A
shorter PR interval infers that the heart rate was faster during exercise than resting.
Definition 4 of 156
When a person is scared, there is an increase in blood pressure. The increase in blood pressure
would provide a greater driving force for flow, resulting in a greater blood flow. The practical
purpose of this is to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and the brain, so that one is prepared
to run from the danger (flight or fight response).
Do you see a normal breathing pattern with coughing or reading? Explain.
How does the viscosity v. flow graph differ from the graphs for pressure and radius?
If someone is well hydrated, what happens to blood flow? How would this influence blood
flow to organs such as the brain?
When you are scared, what happens to blood pressure? How would this affect flow? What
is the practical purpose of these physiological changes?
,Term 5 of 156
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
Increasing the radius of the aorta increases cardiac output.
The cardiac output is equal to the pressure difference (delta P) divided by the total
peripheral resistance. Increasing the radius of the aorta decreases the total peripheral
resistance. Since the pulse pressure remains the same, and the total peripheral resistance is
decreased, there must be a corresponding increase in cardiac output.
An increased MVV is advantageous because it allows for a greater amount of oxygenated
air to reach our cells per unit time, allowing them to sustain high levels of energy
production. This benefits endurance athletes because, with a greater amount of aerobic
respiration, athletes can maintain activity longer without becoming fatigued.
Tube radius is inversely proportional to resistance, whereby, a decrease in tube radius
results in an increase in resistance.
Decreasing tube radius increases resistance, decreases air flow, decreases minute
ventilation
, Term 6 of 156
After you hypoventilate, what happens to respiratory rate and depth? Explain the physiology.
My advice would be that reducing intake of food with high cholesterol content (e.g. meat
and eggs) and exercising regularly would reduce cholesterol levels and associated risk for
cardiovascular disease.
Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis.
After hypoventilation, respiratory rate increases to get rid of the excess CO2. This will in
turn decrease H+ concentration and increase pH to bring it back to normal levels.
Hyperpnea: increase in total minute volume (TMV) during exercise. CO₂ values don't
change because increased ventilation is matched to an increased metabolic rate.
Hyperventilation: increase in ventilation resulting in a decrease in CO2 concentration below
normal levels.
According to Poiseuille's equation, blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power
of blood vessel radius. Increasing the blood vessel radius therefore would dramatically
reduce the resistance to flow, which increases the blood flow.
Term 7 of 156
Describe the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow. Explain.
Blood viscosity, referring to the cohesiveness or stickiness of the blood, is inversely
proportional to blood flow. Highly viscous fluids (i.e., maple syrup), are much more resistant
to flow than less viscous fluids (i.e., water), because the stickiness of the fluid, impedes
forward motion.
Yes, the first heart sound is louder than the second heart sound. This is because the
atrioventricular valves are stronger and close with more force in comparison to the
semilunar values, which results in a louder heart sound.
To allow time for the reaction to occur. In this case, it allows time for antibodies present in
the sample to interact (bind) with the antigen.
Blood flow is directly related to the pressure gradient, according to the Ohm's law equation
delta P = flow * resistance. The pressure gradient drives the flow of blood. Without a
pressure gradient, there would be no flow of blood.
156 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 156
If cardiac output remains constant, increasing stroke volume would decrease heart rate (recall
CO = HR x SV). Heart rate would decrease to allow more time for the ventricle to fill with blood.
This results in a greater contraction and stroke volume due to the Frank Starling Law. In addition,
with an increased stroke volume, fewer contractions are needed to transport blood through the
systemic circulation.
What effect does decreasing tube radius have on FEV1 %? Explain.
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
What effect does increasing stroke volume have on heart rate? Explain.
What effect does surfactant have on air flow? Explain.
Definition 2 of 156
Increasing the radius of the aorta also increases heart rate.
Recall that delta P = HR x SV x R (where CO = HR x SV). Given that pressure and SV are constant,
an increase in radius causes a decrease in resistance. To maintain a constant pressure, heart rate
increases to compensate for the decrease in resistance.
What effect does increasing contractility have on cardiac output and pressure? Explain
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on heart rate? Explain.
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
What effect does increasing preload have on cardiac output? Explain
,Term 3 of 156
Was there any difference in the PR interval between resting and exercise conditions? If so,
explain.
Tube radius is directly proportional the air flow. As the tube radius increases, air flow also
increases due to a decrease in resistance.
Yes, the blood pressure was higher when sitting compared to lying down. When a person is
sitting up, the heart needs to pump harder in order to pump blood against gravity to the
brain. Therefore, the blood pressure is greater. When lying down, the gravitational force is
no longer acting against blood flow to the head, so the blood does not need to pump as
hard. Therefore, the blood pressure would be lower.
Phosphate buffered Saline (PBS) to keep the solution from becoming too acidic or basic
Yes, the PR interval was shorter in the exercise condition than in the resting condition. A
shorter PR interval infers that the heart rate was faster during exercise than resting.
Definition 4 of 156
When a person is scared, there is an increase in blood pressure. The increase in blood pressure
would provide a greater driving force for flow, resulting in a greater blood flow. The practical
purpose of this is to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and the brain, so that one is prepared
to run from the danger (flight or fight response).
Do you see a normal breathing pattern with coughing or reading? Explain.
How does the viscosity v. flow graph differ from the graphs for pressure and radius?
If someone is well hydrated, what happens to blood flow? How would this influence blood
flow to organs such as the brain?
When you are scared, what happens to blood pressure? How would this affect flow? What
is the practical purpose of these physiological changes?
,Term 5 of 156
What effect does increasing the radius of the aorta have on cardiac output? Explain.
Increasing the radius of the aorta increases cardiac output.
The cardiac output is equal to the pressure difference (delta P) divided by the total
peripheral resistance. Increasing the radius of the aorta decreases the total peripheral
resistance. Since the pulse pressure remains the same, and the total peripheral resistance is
decreased, there must be a corresponding increase in cardiac output.
An increased MVV is advantageous because it allows for a greater amount of oxygenated
air to reach our cells per unit time, allowing them to sustain high levels of energy
production. This benefits endurance athletes because, with a greater amount of aerobic
respiration, athletes can maintain activity longer without becoming fatigued.
Tube radius is inversely proportional to resistance, whereby, a decrease in tube radius
results in an increase in resistance.
Decreasing tube radius increases resistance, decreases air flow, decreases minute
ventilation
, Term 6 of 156
After you hypoventilate, what happens to respiratory rate and depth? Explain the physiology.
My advice would be that reducing intake of food with high cholesterol content (e.g. meat
and eggs) and exercising regularly would reduce cholesterol levels and associated risk for
cardiovascular disease.
Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis.
After hypoventilation, respiratory rate increases to get rid of the excess CO2. This will in
turn decrease H+ concentration and increase pH to bring it back to normal levels.
Hyperpnea: increase in total minute volume (TMV) during exercise. CO₂ values don't
change because increased ventilation is matched to an increased metabolic rate.
Hyperventilation: increase in ventilation resulting in a decrease in CO2 concentration below
normal levels.
According to Poiseuille's equation, blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power
of blood vessel radius. Increasing the blood vessel radius therefore would dramatically
reduce the resistance to flow, which increases the blood flow.
Term 7 of 156
Describe the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow. Explain.
Blood viscosity, referring to the cohesiveness or stickiness of the blood, is inversely
proportional to blood flow. Highly viscous fluids (i.e., maple syrup), are much more resistant
to flow than less viscous fluids (i.e., water), because the stickiness of the fluid, impedes
forward motion.
Yes, the first heart sound is louder than the second heart sound. This is because the
atrioventricular valves are stronger and close with more force in comparison to the
semilunar values, which results in a louder heart sound.
To allow time for the reaction to occur. In this case, it allows time for antibodies present in
the sample to interact (bind) with the antigen.
Blood flow is directly related to the pressure gradient, according to the Ohm's law equation
delta P = flow * resistance. The pressure gradient drives the flow of blood. Without a
pressure gradient, there would be no flow of blood.
