Name: Score:
71 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 71
How many vessels bring blood back to the RA? What are their names?
1. Superior vena cava (S.V.C.): Drains blood from the head, neck, and arms
2. Inferior vena cava (I.V.C.): Drains blood from the abdomen, pelvis and legs,
3. Coronary sinus (C.S.): Drains blood from the heart tissue itself
17 Segments. anterior septum (AS), anterior wall (A), antero-lateral wall (AL), infero-lateral
wall (IL)(PW), inferior wall (I), and inferior septum (IS).
4 pulmonary veins ( upper and lower from each lung).
Mv: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet
TV: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet, and septal
AoV : Right coronary cusp, left coronary cusp, and Non coronary cusp
PV: Right(posterior) cusp, anterior cusp, left cusp
Definition 2 of 71
S.A Node, sends an electrical impulse to the atria (via the interatrial pathways), causing them to
contract, and to the atrio-ventricular (AV) node (via the intermodal pathway).
The AV node delays the impulse, and then sends it though the Bundle of His, then through the left
and right bundle branches down to the apex. From here, the impulse is sent through Purkinje
fibers into the muscle tissue of the ventricles, stimulating contraction.
. Describe the various blood pressures in the different chambers of the heart (and great
vessels) during both diastole and systole.
Describe the conductive pathway through the heart (be sure to mention the two nodes
which provide electrical impulses).
. Name the 2 main coronary arteries which come off of the aorta. In which portion of the
aorta do they begin? Which branches arise from the left one?
What are the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus? What is their purpose, and when should
they exist?
,Term 3 of 71
What is the second M-Mode we do? What is measured in this M-Mode display, and when in the
cardiac cycle is it measured?
These are openings which exist during fetal life (in the womb) to allow blood to cross from
the right side of the heart to the left (because the lungs are not yet functioning)
after birth, they should close and become FOSSA OVALIS AND LIGAMENTUM
ARTERIOSUM
and if they don't close called PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND PATEN DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
The Mitral Valve. Here, we measure the space between the highest excursion of the AMVL
and the bottom of the IVS (called EPSS). This is done during the first part of diastole (when
the MV opens its widest). 0.2-0.7 cm
The ventricles contract during systole, and they refill during diastole.
The atria receive blood all the time (throughout the cardiac cycle), but only send blood into
the ventricles during diastole
This is measured from just below the sinus of Valsalva to the posterior wall of the LA (at the
LA's widest point). This should be measured at end-systole (MV closed)
2.7-4.0 cm
,Term 4 of 71
For the AV valves, describe what is included in the valve apparatus. How are the semilunar valves
different?
1. Endocardium:
This is the inner-most layer, which lines all of the chambers and valves of the heart. It is
primarily epithelial tissue.
2. Myocardium:
This is the thick middle layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle.
3. Epicardium:
This is the thin outer layer, which is attached to the visceral layer of the pericardium.
Mv: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet
TV: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet, and septal
AoV : Right coronary cusp, left coronary cusp, and Non coronary cusp
PV: Right(posterior) cusp, anterior cusp, left cusp
1. Annulus
2. Leaflets
3. Chordae tendeneae
4. Papillary muscles
5. Walls of ventricle at origins of papillary muscles
They do not have Chordae Tendeneae or Papillary Muscles attach to it
This means that we begin measuring from the top of the wall (anterior edge) to the top of
the bottom wall (also anterior edge). We do this for both the aortic root diameter and LA
diameter measurements.
Term 5 of 71
Which two are atrioventricular?
Both valves have 4 leaflets each (the quadrivalve structure).
The aortic valve leaves the left ventricle, and the pulmonic valve leaves the right ventricle.
The right one has 3 leaflets (the tricuspid valve), while the left one has only 2 leaflets
(bicuspid, or mitral valve)
The right one has 2 leaflets (the mitral valve), while the left one has 3 leaflets (the tricuspid
valve).
, Term 6 of 71
Where is the LA diameter measured, and at what time in the cardiac cycle?
Stroke volume (SV) is defined as the amount of blood ejected from a chamber of the heart
(usually a ventricle) in one "beat" (contraction). The normal range for this is between 70 and
100 cc.
is defined as the amount of blood ejected from a chamber of the heart (again, usually a
ventricle) per minute.
This is measured from just below the sinus of Valsalva to the posterior wall of the LA (at the
LA's widest point). This should be measured at end-systole (MV closed)
2.7-4.0 cm
This is because the CALC package "remembers" the measurements so that they will show up
on the report at the end of the study.
Also, the machine uses some of these measurements to calculate other values using built-in
formulas. If we only use calipers, we'd have to do this math ourselves.
Term 7 of 71
What is the first M-Mode we do in the protocol? What is measured in this M-Mode display? When
in the cardiac cycle is it measured?
-The Aortic Valve. -aortic cusp separation (ACS), aortic root, and LV.
-we measure the distance between ACS when they first open (early systole) 1.5-2.6 cm
The ventricles contract during systole, and they refill during diastole.
The atria receive blood all the time (throughout the cardiac cycle), but only send blood into
the ventricles during diastole
This means that we begin measuring from the top of the wall (anterior edge) to the top of
the bottom wall (also anterior edge). We do this for both the aortic root diameter and LA
diameter measurements.
The Mitral Valve. Here, we measure the space between the highest excursion of the AMVL
and the bottom of the IVS (called EPSS). This is done during the first part of diastole (when
the MV opens its widest). 0.2-0.7 cm
71 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 71
How many vessels bring blood back to the RA? What are their names?
1. Superior vena cava (S.V.C.): Drains blood from the head, neck, and arms
2. Inferior vena cava (I.V.C.): Drains blood from the abdomen, pelvis and legs,
3. Coronary sinus (C.S.): Drains blood from the heart tissue itself
17 Segments. anterior septum (AS), anterior wall (A), antero-lateral wall (AL), infero-lateral
wall (IL)(PW), inferior wall (I), and inferior septum (IS).
4 pulmonary veins ( upper and lower from each lung).
Mv: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet
TV: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet, and septal
AoV : Right coronary cusp, left coronary cusp, and Non coronary cusp
PV: Right(posterior) cusp, anterior cusp, left cusp
Definition 2 of 71
S.A Node, sends an electrical impulse to the atria (via the interatrial pathways), causing them to
contract, and to the atrio-ventricular (AV) node (via the intermodal pathway).
The AV node delays the impulse, and then sends it though the Bundle of His, then through the left
and right bundle branches down to the apex. From here, the impulse is sent through Purkinje
fibers into the muscle tissue of the ventricles, stimulating contraction.
. Describe the various blood pressures in the different chambers of the heart (and great
vessels) during both diastole and systole.
Describe the conductive pathway through the heart (be sure to mention the two nodes
which provide electrical impulses).
. Name the 2 main coronary arteries which come off of the aorta. In which portion of the
aorta do they begin? Which branches arise from the left one?
What are the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus? What is their purpose, and when should
they exist?
,Term 3 of 71
What is the second M-Mode we do? What is measured in this M-Mode display, and when in the
cardiac cycle is it measured?
These are openings which exist during fetal life (in the womb) to allow blood to cross from
the right side of the heart to the left (because the lungs are not yet functioning)
after birth, they should close and become FOSSA OVALIS AND LIGAMENTUM
ARTERIOSUM
and if they don't close called PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND PATEN DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
The Mitral Valve. Here, we measure the space between the highest excursion of the AMVL
and the bottom of the IVS (called EPSS). This is done during the first part of diastole (when
the MV opens its widest). 0.2-0.7 cm
The ventricles contract during systole, and they refill during diastole.
The atria receive blood all the time (throughout the cardiac cycle), but only send blood into
the ventricles during diastole
This is measured from just below the sinus of Valsalva to the posterior wall of the LA (at the
LA's widest point). This should be measured at end-systole (MV closed)
2.7-4.0 cm
,Term 4 of 71
For the AV valves, describe what is included in the valve apparatus. How are the semilunar valves
different?
1. Endocardium:
This is the inner-most layer, which lines all of the chambers and valves of the heart. It is
primarily epithelial tissue.
2. Myocardium:
This is the thick middle layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle.
3. Epicardium:
This is the thin outer layer, which is attached to the visceral layer of the pericardium.
Mv: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet
TV: anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet, and septal
AoV : Right coronary cusp, left coronary cusp, and Non coronary cusp
PV: Right(posterior) cusp, anterior cusp, left cusp
1. Annulus
2. Leaflets
3. Chordae tendeneae
4. Papillary muscles
5. Walls of ventricle at origins of papillary muscles
They do not have Chordae Tendeneae or Papillary Muscles attach to it
This means that we begin measuring from the top of the wall (anterior edge) to the top of
the bottom wall (also anterior edge). We do this for both the aortic root diameter and LA
diameter measurements.
Term 5 of 71
Which two are atrioventricular?
Both valves have 4 leaflets each (the quadrivalve structure).
The aortic valve leaves the left ventricle, and the pulmonic valve leaves the right ventricle.
The right one has 3 leaflets (the tricuspid valve), while the left one has only 2 leaflets
(bicuspid, or mitral valve)
The right one has 2 leaflets (the mitral valve), while the left one has 3 leaflets (the tricuspid
valve).
, Term 6 of 71
Where is the LA diameter measured, and at what time in the cardiac cycle?
Stroke volume (SV) is defined as the amount of blood ejected from a chamber of the heart
(usually a ventricle) in one "beat" (contraction). The normal range for this is between 70 and
100 cc.
is defined as the amount of blood ejected from a chamber of the heart (again, usually a
ventricle) per minute.
This is measured from just below the sinus of Valsalva to the posterior wall of the LA (at the
LA's widest point). This should be measured at end-systole (MV closed)
2.7-4.0 cm
This is because the CALC package "remembers" the measurements so that they will show up
on the report at the end of the study.
Also, the machine uses some of these measurements to calculate other values using built-in
formulas. If we only use calipers, we'd have to do this math ourselves.
Term 7 of 71
What is the first M-Mode we do in the protocol? What is measured in this M-Mode display? When
in the cardiac cycle is it measured?
-The Aortic Valve. -aortic cusp separation (ACS), aortic root, and LV.
-we measure the distance between ACS when they first open (early systole) 1.5-2.6 cm
The ventricles contract during systole, and they refill during diastole.
The atria receive blood all the time (throughout the cardiac cycle), but only send blood into
the ventricles during diastole
This means that we begin measuring from the top of the wall (anterior edge) to the top of
the bottom wall (also anterior edge). We do this for both the aortic root diameter and LA
diameter measurements.
The Mitral Valve. Here, we measure the space between the highest excursion of the AMVL
and the bottom of the IVS (called EPSS). This is done during the first part of diastole (when
the MV opens its widest). 0.2-0.7 cm
