NAS 2 CHALLENGE EXAM (QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE SOLUTIONS)

List the 8 Life functions necessary for Life. How are these related? 1. Synthesis 2. Respiration 3. Regulation 4. Reproduction 5. Excretion 6. Growth 7. Nutrition 8. Transport Metabolism ANABOLIC + CATABOLIC Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive. Anabolism SMALL substances are combined into larger/complex molecules Catabolism LARGE substances are broken down into smaller/simpler molecules. ("destructive metabolism" releases energy) Anatomy study of body structure of an entire organism Physiology study of internal functioning of an organism Give the order of the 5 steps in the Homeostatic Control Mechanism. How are these related? 1. stimulus 2. receptor 3. integrator/control center 4. effector 5. set point negative feedback mechanism that exists as a feedback loop because it can either increase or decrease the stimulus. will perform the opposite of the stimulus in order to return to homeostasis. (ex. human body temperature, blood sugar regulation) positive feedback maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it. (ex. Blood clotting/coagulation - as one clotting factor is activated, it activates the next factor in the sequence until a fibrin clot is achieved) (ex. Human birth - pressure on cervix, contractions, hormone secretion) Homeostasis "steady state"; ability to maintain internal conditions within a normal range almost constantly. Tendency towards relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements. Describe the anatomical position the body is standing upright with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. Upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward Head (Axial Body Region) cephalic Neck (Axial Body Region) cervical skull (Axial Body Region) cranial forehead (Axial Body Region) frontal nose (Axial Body Region) nasal base of skull (Axial Body Region) occipital mouth (Axial Body Region) oral eyes (Axial Body Region) orbital/ocular armpit (Axial Body Region) axillary ribs (Axial Body Region) costal shoulder (Axial Body Region) deltoid breast (Axial Body Region) mammary chest (Axial Body Region) pectoral shoulder blade (Axial Body Region) scapular breastbone (Axial Body Region) sternal backbone (Axial Body Region) vertebral abdomen (Axial Body Region) abdominal buttocks (Axial Body Region) gluteal bend of the hip (Axial Body Region) Inguinal lower back (Axial Body Region) lumbar area between hipbones (Axial Body Region) pelvic areas between anus/external genitalia (Axial Body Region) perineal genitals (Axial Body Region) pubic end of vertebral column (Axial