NAS 2 CHALLENGE EXAM
(REVIWED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS)
Name and identify the atomic symbol of 13 common
elements found in the human body
carbon - C
hydrogen - H
oxygen - O
nitrogen - N
sodium - Na
potassium - K
magnesium - Mg
calcium - Ca
iron - Fe
phosphorus - P
sulfur - S
chlorine - Cl
iodine - I
Name the six levels of structural organization that
make up the human body, and explain
their relationships to each other
1. Chemical: atoms form molecules
2. Cellular: molecules form cells
3. Tissue: cells form tissues
4. Organ: tissues form organs
,5. Organism: organs form organism
6. Organ System: organism for organ system
Name and identify important ions in the body covered
in this unit, and give a brief description of their
function in the human body
1. Calcium (Ca2+)
- Necessary for nerve transmission, muscle cell
contraction, the hard matrix of bone, and blood clotting
2. Sodium (Na+)
- Necessary for a neuron, muscle or gland to respond to a
nerve signal
- Help the body maintain water balance
3. Potassium (K+)
- Helps to propagate a nerve transmission
- Helps to maintain the potential energy of a cell
membrane
4. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-)
- Plays a role in buffering the blood
5. Hydrogen ion (H+)
- Affects body pH
- High concentration in acidic conditions
6. Hydroxyl ion (OH)
- Affects body pH
- High concentration in alkaline conditions
, 7. Chloride ion - Cl-
- Affects thickness of mucus
Define metabolism, state the two subcategories of
metabolism, and give examples of each
1. Anabolic pathways (building polymers) - Synthesis
(anabolism) - Require energy (bond formation) - In the
body, synthesis reactions are called anabolism.
Amino acid - protein
Nucleic acid - DNA
2. Catabolic pathways (breaking down polymers into their
monomers) - Degradation (catabolism) - Release energy
(break bonds) - In the body decomposition reactions are
called catabolic
Glycogen - glucose
Protein - amino acids
Name the 3 types of chemical bonds
1. Synthesis (Anabolism) - Synthesis reactions occur
when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a
larger, more complex molecule.
2. Decomposition (Catabolism) - Decomposition reactions
occur when a larger molecule is broken down into smaller
molecules, atoms or ions.
1. Exchange Reaction - Exchange reactions involve both
synthesis and decomposition reactions. Bonds are both
made and broken. (ATP break phosphate group bond to
give phosphate to glucose - Glucose makes a bond with a
phosphate group)
(REVIWED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS)
Name and identify the atomic symbol of 13 common
elements found in the human body
carbon - C
hydrogen - H
oxygen - O
nitrogen - N
sodium - Na
potassium - K
magnesium - Mg
calcium - Ca
iron - Fe
phosphorus - P
sulfur - S
chlorine - Cl
iodine - I
Name the six levels of structural organization that
make up the human body, and explain
their relationships to each other
1. Chemical: atoms form molecules
2. Cellular: molecules form cells
3. Tissue: cells form tissues
4. Organ: tissues form organs
,5. Organism: organs form organism
6. Organ System: organism for organ system
Name and identify important ions in the body covered
in this unit, and give a brief description of their
function in the human body
1. Calcium (Ca2+)
- Necessary for nerve transmission, muscle cell
contraction, the hard matrix of bone, and blood clotting
2. Sodium (Na+)
- Necessary for a neuron, muscle or gland to respond to a
nerve signal
- Help the body maintain water balance
3. Potassium (K+)
- Helps to propagate a nerve transmission
- Helps to maintain the potential energy of a cell
membrane
4. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-)
- Plays a role in buffering the blood
5. Hydrogen ion (H+)
- Affects body pH
- High concentration in acidic conditions
6. Hydroxyl ion (OH)
- Affects body pH
- High concentration in alkaline conditions
, 7. Chloride ion - Cl-
- Affects thickness of mucus
Define metabolism, state the two subcategories of
metabolism, and give examples of each
1. Anabolic pathways (building polymers) - Synthesis
(anabolism) - Require energy (bond formation) - In the
body, synthesis reactions are called anabolism.
Amino acid - protein
Nucleic acid - DNA
2. Catabolic pathways (breaking down polymers into their
monomers) - Degradation (catabolism) - Release energy
(break bonds) - In the body decomposition reactions are
called catabolic
Glycogen - glucose
Protein - amino acids
Name the 3 types of chemical bonds
1. Synthesis (Anabolism) - Synthesis reactions occur
when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a
larger, more complex molecule.
2. Decomposition (Catabolism) - Decomposition reactions
occur when a larger molecule is broken down into smaller
molecules, atoms or ions.
1. Exchange Reaction - Exchange reactions involve both
synthesis and decomposition reactions. Bonds are both
made and broken. (ATP break phosphate group bond to
give phosphate to glucose - Glucose makes a bond with a
phosphate group)
