BIOLOGY 2e EXAM 2( SIMPLIFIED
SUMMARY COMPILED WITH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)
light microscope (LM)
An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible
light to magnify images of specimens.
resolving power
the microscope's ability to distinguish two adjacent
structures as separate; the higher the resolution the better
the clarity and detail.
Magnification
the process of enlarging an objects appearance
electron microscope (EM)
focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto
its surface
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
used a single lens to observe single-cell organisms
(animalcules)
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them
cells.
Mattias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
formulated cell theory (1838)
cell theory
,idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are
the basic units of structure and function in living things,
and new cells are produced from existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
Added to the cell theory
All cells have
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
In a prokaryote DNA is found in
the nucleoid region
peptidoglycan cell wall (Prokaryote)
protection, shape, prevents dehydration
polysaccharide capsule (Prokaryote)
enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other
and to transfer DNA
Fimbriae
used by bacteria to attach to a host cell
Which cell is bigger? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that
separates the internal contents of the cell from the outside
environment
Microvilli
projections that increase the cell's surface area; specialize
in absorption
Cytoplasm
made up of the cytosol and cytoskeleton; made up of
70%-80% water
Cytosol
, Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Nucleus
houses DNA, directs protein and ribosome synthesis
nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
Nucleoplasm
Fluid inside the nucleus contains chromatins and
nucleolus
Chromatin
unwound protein-chromosome complexes (DNA)
Humans have ___ chromosomes in each cell
46 (23 pairs)
Nucleolus
aggravates the r.RNA with associated proteins to
assemble the ribosomal sub units that get transported out
through the pores in the nuclear envelope to the
cytoplasm
Mitochrondria
powerhouse of the cell, makes ATP(short term energy),
double layered
cellular respiration
Process that creates ATP using glucose
Where to find abundance of mitochrondria?
Muscle cells (they need a lot of energy)
Cristae
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
Mitochrondial Matrix
the area surrounded by the folds
Peroxisome
oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids; detoxifies harmful
substances
SUMMARY COMPILED WITH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)
light microscope (LM)
An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible
light to magnify images of specimens.
resolving power
the microscope's ability to distinguish two adjacent
structures as separate; the higher the resolution the better
the clarity and detail.
Magnification
the process of enlarging an objects appearance
electron microscope (EM)
focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto
its surface
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
used a single lens to observe single-cell organisms
(animalcules)
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them
cells.
Mattias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
formulated cell theory (1838)
cell theory
,idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are
the basic units of structure and function in living things,
and new cells are produced from existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
Added to the cell theory
All cells have
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
In a prokaryote DNA is found in
the nucleoid region
peptidoglycan cell wall (Prokaryote)
protection, shape, prevents dehydration
polysaccharide capsule (Prokaryote)
enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other
and to transfer DNA
Fimbriae
used by bacteria to attach to a host cell
Which cell is bigger? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that
separates the internal contents of the cell from the outside
environment
Microvilli
projections that increase the cell's surface area; specialize
in absorption
Cytoplasm
made up of the cytosol and cytoskeleton; made up of
70%-80% water
Cytosol
, Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Nucleus
houses DNA, directs protein and ribosome synthesis
nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
Nucleoplasm
Fluid inside the nucleus contains chromatins and
nucleolus
Chromatin
unwound protein-chromosome complexes (DNA)
Humans have ___ chromosomes in each cell
46 (23 pairs)
Nucleolus
aggravates the r.RNA with associated proteins to
assemble the ribosomal sub units that get transported out
through the pores in the nuclear envelope to the
cytoplasm
Mitochrondria
powerhouse of the cell, makes ATP(short term energy),
double layered
cellular respiration
Process that creates ATP using glucose
Where to find abundance of mitochrondria?
Muscle cells (they need a lot of energy)
Cristae
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
Mitochrondial Matrix
the area surrounded by the folds
Peroxisome
oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids; detoxifies harmful
substances
